Topic 2 Medical Model Flashcards

(20 cards)

1
Q

Background

A
  • Biomedical model views disorders as being the result of biological malfunctions/disruption
  • treatment reduce the effects of those malfunctions biologically through drugs, surgery etc
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2
Q

Monoamines in Depression

A

Neurotransmitters called monoamines includes serotonin, noradrenaline &dopamine.

  • Dopamine regulates our mood
  • Noradrenaline is implicated in activity levels.
  • Serotonin controls activity of dopamine &noradrenaline.
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3
Q

Hypothesis of monoamines in Depression

A

1) Reduction in serotonin levels (follow stressful events)-failure to regulate dopamine &noradrenaline-disrupts moos&activity levels.
2) Disruption of monoamines levels-High level of enzymes that breaks down monoamines-reduce their actions&disrupts the passage of information around the brain.

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4
Q

Dopamine in schizophrenia

A

1) Excess of dopamine in centres of the brain responsible for speech may cause hallucinations of voices.
2) Low activity of dopamine in pre frontal cortex(thinking&decision making) May explain symptoms such as apathy and incoherent thought or speech.

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5
Q

Genetic explanations?

A
  • Genes are sections of DNA that contains instructions for producing physical structures including the brain, neurotransmitters &enzymes that breaths them down.
  • it can influence the nature of physical structures of chemical level in the nervous system.
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6
Q

Genetic Vulnerability in Depression

A

-Stressful life events-Depression.
Genes may effect how resilient &vulnerable we are.
Eg; serotonin transporter gene comes in 3 (long-long, long-short, short-short), short-short leads to inefficient serotonin production. Less resilient to the effects is stress &are more vulnerable to respond to stress with depression.

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7
Q

Genetic vulnerability in schizophrenia

A
  • Can be genetically influenced-family member.
  • polygenic- influenced by over 100 genes
  • aetiologically heterogeneous- different combination of factors can lead to similar symptoms
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8
Q

Brain abnormality in Depression

A
  • Studies suggested frontal lobe is involved in thinking.
    1) Coffey et al-mean frontal lobe volume in depressed patient smaller.
    2) milo et al-frontal lobe in depressed patients don’t draw on blood flow in the brain as they normally do-hyper fusion.
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9
Q

Brain abnormalities in schizophrenia?

A

1) Pardon et al-Involves problem with left hemisphere.
2) jackel et al-Negative correlation between activity levels in ventral striatum&severity of negative symptoms.
3) Allen at al-Low activation levels in superior temporal gyrus &anterior cingulate gyrus- Hallucinations

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10
Q

Aim of Gottesman?

A

Compare vulnerability to mental illness of offspring with one or both parents having a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

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11
Q

Sample

A
  • 2.7million danish people
  • 196 couples schizophrenia; 280 children
  • 83 couples bipolar disorder: 146 children
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12
Q

Design

A

Cohort study

Natural experiment

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13
Q

IV&DV?

A
  • IV parental schizophrenia/Bipolar disorder-operationalised in accordance with ICD.
  • DV diagnosis of any mental illness in offspring- operationalised ICD
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14
Q

Results

A
  • schizophrenia & bipolar diagnosis by BOTH parents increased chance of offspring getting a diagnosis(27.3% schizophrenia &24.95% bipolar).
  • diagnosis for mental illness in general (schizophrenia 67.5% &44.2%).
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15
Q

Conclusion

A

Both parents with serious mental illness increases the risk of their offspring developing not only that disorder but mental illness in general

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16
Q

What’s MAOI’s?

A

Monoamines oxidase inhibitors; prevent breakdown of serotonin,Noradrenaline & dopamine so they build up

17
Q

What’s Tricyclics ?

A

Prevent serotonin and noradrenaline being transformed after they have crossed a synapse increasing their levels

18
Q

What’s SSRI’s?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Eg; Prozac and Seroxat
Stop serotonin being re absorbed and broken down after it arises a synapse

19
Q

What’s NRI’s?

A

Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors

Stops noradrenaline being reabsorbed and broken down after it has crossed a synapse

20
Q

What’s ECT(electro convulsive therapy)?

A
  • For Depression
  • administering electric shock to the head,inducing a seizure.
  • Modern use: small shocks short period given under anaesthetics and given drugs to prevent broken bones