Topic 2 Microbial cells: Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

Two Basic Differences Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A
  1. Eukaryotes contain numerous compartments (organelles) and prokaryotes generally lack organelles
  2. Prokaryotes are generally much smaller in size: equivalent to a mitochondrion
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2
Q

Surface area to volume ratio affects

A

how quickly cells exchange nutrients and waste with their environment

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3
Q

small cells can generally

A
  • grow (reproduce) more quickly

- Also means less time/energy to replicate cell

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4
Q

The fundamental difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the presence of

A

membrane-bound compartments

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5
Q

_________ cells contain multiple membrane-bound compartments,___________ cells generally do not

A

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

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6
Q

Eukaryotic compartments: Nucleus

A

Defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells

  • Separates genetic material (DNA) from the rest of the cell
  • Transcription/translation uncoupled (unlike prokaryotes) – ribosomes outside of the nucleus
  • Proteins related to DNA replication, transcription, etcmust be translocated into nucleus
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7
Q

Eukaryotic compartments: Mitochondria

A

Almost universal amongst eukaryotes (a few protists lack mitochondria)

  • Vary in number, shape between different eukaryotes/cell types/tissues
  • Energy center of the cell – site of respiration, ATP production
  • Contain own genomes, ribosomes
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8
Q

Eukaryotic compartments: Golgi Complex & Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Involved in modifying and sorting proteins (and other molecules) to be translocated to other parts of the cell or secreted from the cell.

  • glycosylation
  • Proteins & other molecules are packaged into vesicles and trafficked around the cell (and secreted from the cell)
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9
Q

In the golgi and ER, One important modification is

A

glycosylation – many eukaryotic proteins have glycans (sugars) added

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10
Q

Cytoskeleton:

A

Dynamic protein filament network involved in cell shape, transport within cell, cell movement and more

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11
Q

Vacuoles :

A

Membrane bound compartment, often for storing nutrients and/or waste.

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12
Q

Lysosomes are

A

specialized vacuoles found in many animal cells that contain enzymes to break down incoming nutrients

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13
Q

Chloroplasts:

A

Found in phototrophs (like plants and algea) – contain the machinery for photosynthesis

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14
Q

Vesicles :

A

Small, membrane bound compartments used extensively to traffic materials around the cell, into/out of cells and between organelles

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15
Q

Cell Wall:

A

Some eukaryotes have one (plants, fungi), others don’t (animals). Much diversity in structure.

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16
Q

Cell structure of a eukaryotic microbe

Saccharomyces cervisiae

A

Yeast species used for baking and for producing alcohol (most beer, wine, etc)

Relatively small/simple eukaryote, but still contains considerable internal compartmentalization