Topic 28

Question 1

Habitat patch

Answer 1

homogeneous area containing suitable conditions and resources needed to sustain a population

Question 2

Populations of many species (community) occur within a..

Answer 2

habitat patch

Question 3

Habitat patches are..

Answer 3

heterogeneously distributed over landscape separated by unsuitable habitat (results in many local isolated communities)

Question 4

Local communities may interact through..

Answer 4

dispersal (emigration and immigration)

Question 5

Degree of interaction (dispersal) depends on

Answer 5

ability storage disperse between habitat patches

Question 6

Landscape ecology

Answer 6

study of the causes and consequences of the spatial variation

Question 7

Landscapes are a collection of

Answer 7

communities that exist as patchwork assembly called mosaic

Question 8

Landscape ecology focus on..

Answer 8

features such as distribution, shape, and spatial arrangement of patches.

Question 9

Naturally occurring patches reflect ..

Answer 9

regional variations in geology, topography, soil and climate. (conducted at different scales)

Question 10

3 Landscape ecology basis

Answer 10

• landscape composition
• landscape structure
• landscape scale

Question 11

Landscape structure includes

Answer 11

• large vs small patches
• how dispersed patches are
• shape of patches
• how fragmented the landscape is

Question 12

Landscape scale includes

Answer 12

• grain

- extent

Question 13

Grain =

Answer 13

smallest homogenous unit that is the focus of the study

Question 14

Extent =

Answer 14

total area/time period covered

Question 15

Island biogeography theory

Answer 15

larger islands (habitat patch) hold more spices than smaller islands

Question 16

Number of species on an island (habitat patch) is determined by dynamic equilibrium between..

Answer 16

• colonization (immigration) of species to island

- extirpation of species from the island

Question 17

As the number of species increase..

Answer 17

the rate of species successfully colonizing decreases because early arrivals use up available habitats and resources (fundamental niches)

Question 18

As the number of species increases..

Answer 18

the rate of species being extirpated increases due to competition increases (Completely dominant species outcompete otherS)

Question 19

Equilibrium species richness (S) is reached when

Answer 19

colonization = extirpation (species richness is stable but species composition can change)

Question 20

Distance between islands (habitat patches) and island size influences..

Answer 20

colonization, extirpation rates and equilibrium species richness(S)

Question 21

1st prediction for island biogeography theory

Answer 21

-as the distance between patches increase the colonization rates will decrease leading to lower S per patch. species become less likely to successfully make journey as distance increases

Question 22

2nd prediction of island biogeography

Answer 22

-larger patch of island will have lower rates of extirpation leading to higher S. more resources and available habitats on lager island , smaller patches will have lower S

Question 23

Application of IBT

Answer 23

important cause anthropogenic extinction is because of habitat destruction/loss.

Question 24

Habitat destruction results in

Answer 24

highly fragmented landscapes leaving much smaller habitat patches that are farther apart relative to natural conditions.

Question 25

In fragmented landscapes ..

Answer 25

apply IDT to determine size of patches and distance between patches appropriate to maximizing biodiversity

Question 26

Human activities fragment existing patches into..

Answer 26

smaller and more isolated patches. conversion to grassland and forests to agriculture. roads/infrastructure, settlements

Question 27

Each habitat patch is composed of..

Answer 27

- interior | - edge or border

Question 28

Interior

Answer 28

habitat has its own environment conditions and community structure

Question 29

Edge or border (transition zone)

Answer 29

where community structure and environmental conditions of adjacent patches are blended.

Question 30

Edge effect

Answer 30

diverse environmental conditions allow edges to support high species diversity

Question 31

Interior species

Answer 31

requires stable environmental conditions of interior habitats, no abrupt changes

Question 32

Edge species

Answer 32

can survive under unstable conditions with edge habitat

Question 33

Size and shape of patches together affect the..

Answer 33

edge:interior habitat ratio

Question 34

As patch size increases..

Answer 34

edge: interior habitat decreases. - small patch mostly edge habitat, - larger patch mostly interior habitat

Question 35

As patch width increases..

Answer 35

edge: interior habitat decreases. - long narrow, mostly edge habitat - square, circle, mostly interior habitat

Question 36

As the ratio of edge:interior habitat changes ..

Answer 36

should have higher diversity with increasing edge habitat but only if interior habitat remains

Question 37

Transition zones

Answer 37

patches border each other creating transition zones (Edges) from one patch to the next. area of contact, separation and transition connect patches allowing flows of energy, material and organisms

Question 38

Corridors

Answer 38

connect different patches together. strips of habitat that contain favourable conditions. contain similar vegetation to the patches they connect or contain similar conditions

Question 39

Corridors act as..

Answer 39

travel lanes connectedly subpopulation and aid in colonization of new patches

Question 40

Corridors important in landscape dominated by human activities and ..

Answer 40

road partition and fragment populations alter movement, reproduction, induce stress and increase mortality

Question 41

Artificial corridors may be one solution to ..

Answer 41

reconnect populations. bridges contain vegetation to mimic natural habitat

Question 42

Ecosystem management in general for..

Answer 42

preserving endangered interior species

Question 43

Best spatial configuration for core natural area

Answer 43

- larger is better than smaller - closer together is better than farther apart - better if connected by habitat corridors - compact shapes are better for minimizing boundary length - buffer zone is preferable