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Biol 2390 > Topic 9 > Flashcards

Topic 9 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of the same species living together

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2
Q

Population ecology

A

How the processes of birth, death, migration influence the abundance & distribution patterns of groups of organisms

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3
Q

Population structure is characterized by..

A
  • spatial structure
  • agre/size structure
  • genetic structure
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4
Q

Spacial structure

A

how individuals organize themselves in space. geographic distribution/ranger. patterns of dispersal/dispersion and population size

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5
Q

Age/size structure

A

number of individuals in each age/size class

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6
Q

Genetic structure

A

genetic composition of all individuals combined within the population

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7
Q

Demographic rates of an individuals..

A

change their lifetime

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8
Q

Geographical distribution/range =

A

geographical area in which a species occurs. determines by presence of suitable environmental conditions/resources

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9
Q

Habitat patch=

A

area of homogenous environmental conditions

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10
Q

Habitat patches can be ..

A

heterogeneously distributed over the range, separates by unsuitable habitat

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11
Q

Habitat patches result in..

A

many local populations of a species within a range (subpopulations)

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12
Q

Red maple

A

northern limit (-40C) western limits dry conditions. grows in variety of soils, moisture conditions, elevations, acidity levels. high degree of tolerance

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13
Q

Devils hole pupfish

A

exists in single deserve pool in Nevada, very small area.

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14
Q

Coyotes

A

over most north america

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15
Q

Rats and ecoli

A

spread w human movements

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16
Q

Whales

A

very large migratory species w lots of ground to cover

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17
Q

Range limitations are a..

A

malleable contraint as environmental conditions shift

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18
Q

Just because ideal conditions exist doesn’t mean..

A

you will find a species there. must account for colonization abilities of ancestral species

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19
Q

Environmental heterogeneity causes..

A

most population to be divided into subpopulations

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20
Q

Each subpopulation exists in a ..

A

suitable habitat and is separated from other subpopulations by unsuitable habitat

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21
Q

Metapopulations

A

collective of all subpopulations

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22
Q

Ecology typical occurs at the level of

A

subpopulation rathe than the entire population over its geographic range

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23
Q

At some stage in their life/lifecycle most organisms are ..

A

mobile

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24
Q

Movements of individuals directly..

A

influences their local density

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25
Dispersal
movements of individuals in space
26
Movements of individuals around the subpopulations is key to..
the dynamics of meta population
27
Winds and water (passive) dispersal
wind carries young of spiders and mothers. larval forms of many invertebrates are carries downstream by currents
28
Dispersal of seed involves
gravity, wind, water and animals
29
Release of fluid pressure allows
some plants to physically eject seeds a considerable distance
30
What do other plants sue to attract herbivores
sugar rewards. intensive to consume fruit and transport seeds to other locations. seeds unharmed through digestive tract
31
Fruits and seeds armed with ..
hooks and spines to catch on the fur on animals 

32
Dispersal is movement of individuals away from..
place of birth or area of high population density
33
Emigration
movement of individuals out of a population 

34
Immigration
movement of individuals into a population
35
The degree of interaction among local populations depends on
- ability of individuals to disperse between habitat patches | - habitat patch size and quality
36
Ability of individuals to disperse between habitat patches
- distance between habitat patches - suitable of environmental conditions/resource abundance between patches - barriers
37
Habitat patch size and quality
- larger/higher quality patches tend to support more individuals - a higher number of individuals immigrate to smaller/lower quality local populations with fewer individuals
38
Metapopulation concept
Metapopulation dynamics differ from our discussions of subpopulations in that they include both the local (small) and regional scales (large)
39
At the local level meta population dynamics relate to..
subpopulations in which individuals interact with each other (feedings, growing etc)
40
At the regional level meta population dynamics relate to..
- Dispersal of individuals between subpopulations - Dispersal of individuals leading to the colonization of new previously unoccupied patches - Extinction of all individuals from existing patches
41
Dispersion
Where geographical distribution refers to the extent of a population, patterns of dispersion can also be used to describe the spatial position of one individual to another
42
Random dispersion
individuals have no influence on each other, recourses are randomly scattered across the range
43
Uniform dispersion
individuals engage in negative interactions such as intense competition for space. they space themselves evenly to minimize interactions
44
Clumped dispersion
most common type, where individuals form groups. patch resource distribution or environmental conditions. social tendencies. cloning
45
Northern gannet
in newfoundland clumped for breeding habitat. moderate scale is clumped for predator avoidance. smaller scale is even for competition.
46
Population represent the
ecological unit within which individuals mate and offspring are produced
47
2 types of individuals can make up a population
- unitary individuals | - modular individuals
48
Unitary individuals
physically and genetically distinct individuals each arising from a genetically distinct zygote (humans, dogs)
49
Modular individuals
consist of man interconnected units derived from the same zygote (plants, corals, sponges). can exist separately and be physiologically dependent
50
Genets
genetically distinct individuals, each derived from single zygote (sexual reproduction)
51
Modules with the potential to exist separately are
ramets= genetically identical, asexual reproduction
52
Aspen tree
develops from a seed (zygote) reproduces asexually from horizontal roots. gives rise to what appears to be another individual tree. but each tree produced is a ramet, while all trees together are a genet
53
Important to distinguish between ..
unitary (genetically distinct) and modular (genetically identical) individuals
54
Must be a genetic variation for..
natural selection to occur
55
Conservation
if a population of ramets → no genetic variation→ less likely to adapt to environmental changes → high risk of extinction
56
Population size
abundance of population refers to the population size or number of individuals
57
Population density
number of individuals per unit square. can be estimated in crude form by grid. problem is individuals tend to not be equally numerous everywhere and density is often not uniform
58
Generally cannot count all individuals in a population instead need to..
estimate
59
Accurate estimates combine..
- geographical range - patterns of dispersion - patterns of dispersion of local population density can mislead measures of total population size
60
Local density =
of individuals per unit area
61
Methods of estimation
- quadrant sampling - line transects - mark recapture
62
Quadrent sampling
best on sessile/immobile organisms
63
Line transects
measure distance to observes specimens while talking a straight line. use formulas to estimate pop size
64
Mark recapture
create identifiable mark on all specimens captures in first sample. sample again and estimate pop size based on proportion recaptured

Biol 2390 (34 decks)

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