Topic 3 Chapter 9: 3.1.1 - 3.1.3 - Coach and Performer

Question 1

What are the four coaching styles to improve performance?

Answer 1

1. Command Style
2. Reciprocal Style
3. Guided Discovery
4. Problem Solving Approach

Question 2

What are the main features of the Command Style?

Answer 2

It’s an authoritarian, behaviourist approach where all learners are treated the same and the coach makes all decisions.

Question 3

What are 3 benefits of the Command Style?

Answer 3

• Establishes control
• Sets clear objectives
• Maintains routine and safety
• Ideal for beginners and large groups
• Effective in dangerous or time-limited
  scenarios

Question 4

What are 3 drawbacks of the Command Style?

Answer 4

• Ignores individual differences
• No learner responsibility
• Allows only one way to perform
• Can limit development of open skills
• Reduces social interaction
• Can lead to poor self-discipline

Question 5

What is the Reciprocal Style based on?

Answer 5

Cognitive learning theories.

Question 6

How is a session typically structured in the Reciprocal Style?

Answer 6

The coach sets objectives, demonstrates skills, and learners work in pairs giving feedback.

Question 7

What are 3 benefits of the Reciprocal Style for the learner?

Answer 7

Develops the learners:
- Self-image
- Confidence
- Communication skills
- Cognitive strategies

Question 8

What are the limitations of the Reciprocal Style?

Answer 8

• Requires coach supervision to avoid
  reinforcing errors
• Time-consuming at first
• Learners need to be mature enough

Question 9

What is Guided Discovery in coaching?

Answer 9

A learner-centred style where the coach guides learners with information but doesn’t dictate how to solve tasks.

Question 10

What distinguishes the Problem Solving Approach from Guided Discovery?

Answer 10

It encourages multiple ways to find a solution, promoting creativity.

Question 11

What are the benefits of Guided Discovery?

Answer 11

• Encourages independent thinking
• Builds positive self-concept
• Promotes transfer of learning to new
  situations

Question 12

What is the main drawback of Guided Discovery?

Answer 12

It’s very time-demanding for both coach and learners.

Question 13

What are 3 advantages of the Problem Solving Approach?

Answer 13

• Builds learner responsibility
• Increases self-confidence
• Encourages creativity
• Allows group interaction
• Great for advanced performers

Question 14

What are 2 disadvantages of the Problem Solving Approach?

Answer 14

• Not suitable for beginners
• May not yield the “correct” solution expected by the coach

Question 15

What is a tactic in sport?

Answer 15

A plan of action aimed at improving performance, based on strengths and opponents’ weaknesses.

Question 16

What factors affect tactics?

Answer 16

1. Playing conditions
2. Stage of the season
3. Nature of the opponent

Question 17

How do tactics differ from technique?

Answer 17

Tactics apply skills in competitive settings; technique is the specific way a skill is performed.

Question 18

What is a strategy in sport?

Answer 18

A general approach to competition, less specific than tactics, often harder to teach.

Question 19

Why is communication important in coaching tactics?

Answer 19

Coaches need to adjust tactics during games, using verbal or non-verbal communication.

Question 20

What are the forms of communication in coaching?

Answer 20

• Verbal (e.g., shouting)
• Non-verbal (e.g., sign language)

Question 21

What defines a technique in sport?

Answer 21

A sequence of actions performed accurately and efficiently to execute a skill.

Question 22

What factors influence technique?

Answer 22

• Physique and strength
• Sport or skill requirements
• Movement mechanics

Question 23

How does a coach refine a technique?

Answer 23

1. Observe the technique
2. Compare it to a technical model
3. Analyse and break it down
4. Create a strategy to improve it

Question 24

What is a tactic?

Answer 24

A specific plan or method used in a competitive context, usually to improve performance or win.

Question 25

What are 3 key characteristics of a motor programme?

Answer 25

- Stored in long-term memory - Executed with minimal conscious thought - Can be adapted to different situations - Includes both open and closed loop control - Can be broken down into subroutines

Question 26

What are 3 factors that can affect a tactic?

Answer 26

- Timing (e.g. needing a goal to win a title) - Conditions (e.g. wind or rain) - Opposition (e.g. their style and strengths) - History/tradition - Age and experience of the performer

Question 27

What are Fitts and Posner’s stages of learning?

Answer 27

1. Cognitive 2. Associative 3. Autonomous

Question 28

What issue may arise from traditional teaching models in applying skills to games?

Answer 28

Skills are often learned as closed skills in practice, making transfer to game contexts difficult.

Question 29

What is a motor programme?

Answer 29

A motor programme is a series of stored movements in the long-term memory that can be retrieved and executed as a single unit to perform a skill.

Question 30

What is a subroutine in the context of motor programmes?

Answer 30

A subroutine is a smaller, individual component of a motor programme that contributes to the overall performance of the skill.

Question 31

How do motor programmes and subroutines relate?

Answer 31

A motor programme is made up of multiple subroutines that are organised sequentially and performed together to complete a full skill.

Question 32

What are 3 benefits of breaking a skill into subroutines?

Answer 32

- Easier to teach and learn complex skills - Allows for isolated practice and correction - Builds toward automatic execution - Facilitates skill progression

Question 33

How do elite performers use motor programmes differently from beginners?

Answer 33

Elite performers have highly developed and automatic motor programmes, allowing them to execute complex skills efficiently and adaptively, often without conscious thought.

Question 34

What is an executive motor programme?

Answer 34

A general movement pattern stored in the long-term memory that includes all necessary information to perform a skill.