Topic 3 - Histology

Question 1

What are the four types of tissue?

Answer 1

Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue

Question 2

What are some types of connective tissue?

Answer 2

Periarticular C.T which consists of…
Dense C.T
Cartilage
Bones

Other C.Ts include…
Loose C.T
Reticular C.T

Question 3

What is connective tissue made up of?

Answer 3

Fibrous proteins
Ground substance
Cells (-blast, -cyte, -clast)

Question 4

What are the three types of cells functions?

Answer 4

• Blast cells are involved in formation
• Cyte cells are involved in maintenance
• Clast cells are involved in breaking down

Question 5

What are the fibrous proteins found in connective tissue?

Answer 5

Collagen and Elastin

Question 6

What are the variations of collagen and what are some of their characteristics?

Answer 6

Collagen type 1
Minimal stretch
Stiff and strong
Binding and supporting (function)
Found in ligg. Capsule and fascia

Collagen type 2
Less tensile strength 
Framework for general structure
For internal strength
Found in Hyaline Cartilage

Question 7

What are some features of Elastin?

Answer 7

Net-like fibrils
Resists tensile stretch and forces
Allows deformation
Rapidly returns to original shape
Can be found in lig. Flavum, and hyaline cartilage.

Question 8

What does ground substance consist of?

Answer 8

GAGs, Water and Solutes

Question 9

What are GAGS?

Answer 9

GAGs are Glycosaminoglycans
Very negatively charged
lot of repulsion increases 3D space.

hydrophilic meaning they attract water,
they attract more than 50x their own weight worth of water.

GAGs are a fluid medium for nutrients
They interplay with fibrous proteins, GAGs increasing swelling and fibers limiting swelling and providing structure.

Question 10

What are all the connective tissues?

Answer 10

Dense C.T
Bone
Art. Cartilage
Fibrocartilage

Question 11

What type of cells are in dense connective tissue?

Answer 11

Fibroblasts, -cytes, -clasts.

Question 12

What ground substance is in dense connective tissue? What texture does it give?

Answer 12

GAGs, gives a jelly like texture.

Question 13

What fibrous proteins are in dense connective tissue?

Answer 13

Collagen type 1, Elastin and Reticular fibers.

Question 14

How vascularized and innervated is the Dense connective tissue?

Answer 14

Dense Connective tissue has a limited blood supply.

Question 15

What is the function of Dense connective tissue?

Answer 15

To resist tension, protect and to transfer force.

Question 16

What are some other characteristics of Dense C.T

Answer 16

Increases metabolism by loading.

Question 17

What are the types of Dense C.T

Answer 17

Irregular and regular Dense C.T

Question 18

What are some features of Irregular Dense C.T?

Answer 18

No clear direction, web like

Withstands stress from multiple directions

Example: joint capsule

Question 19

What are some features of regular dense C.T

Answer 19

Clear direction, parallel

Withstands force in a specific direction

Immediate passive resistive force

Example: tendons and ligaments

Question 20

What type of cells are found in bones?

Answer 20

Osteoblasts, -cytes, -clasts.

Question 21

What does the ground substance in bones consist of? And what feature does it give bone tissue?

Answer 21

GAGs and minerals are in the ground substance, gives it a hard consistency.

Question 22

What type of fibrous proteins are in bone tissue?

Answer 22

Only Collagen type 1

Question 23

How well vascularized and innervated is bone tissue?

Answer 23

Very rich vascularization and innervation

Question 24

What is the function of bone tissue?

Answer 24

Bones function as structural support, muscle attachment and for lever arm.

Question 25

What are some other characteristics of bone tissue?

Answer 25

Large necessity for collagen type 1 and minerals (w/o collagen it becomes rubbery and without minerals it becomes brittle)

Site of attachment for tendons and muscles.

Question 26

What cells are found within Articular cartilage tissue?

Answer 26

Made up of Chondroblasts, -cytes, - clasts

Question 27

What does the ground substance in Art. Cartilage consist of?

What texture does it give?

Answer 27

GAGs, gives rubber texture.

Question 28

What fibrous proteins are found within Art. Cartilage?

Answer 28

Collagen type 2 and Elastin

Question 29

How vascularized and innervated it Art. Cartilage tissue

Answer 29

No innervation or vascularization.

Question 30

What is the function of Art. Cartilage tissue?

Answer 30

To distribute force and to reduce friction.

Question 31

What are some other characteristics of Art. Cartilage tissue?

Answer 31

No perichondrium (no direct nutrient supply).

Lack of fibroblasts meaning severe trauma to tissue may not recover e.g osteoarthritis.

Cells nourished by synovial fluid via loading of joint.

Friction reduced by loading.

Question 32

What cells are found within Fibrocartilage tissue?

Answer 32

Consist of…

Chondroblasts, -cytes, -clasts

Fibroblasts, -cytes, -clasts.

Question 33

What does the ground substance in Fibrocartilage consist of?

What texture does it give?

Answer 33

GAGs

Hard rubber texture.

Question 34

What fibrous proteins are found within Fibrocartilage tissue

Answer 34

Only collagen type 1

Question 35

How well innervated and vascularized is Fibrocartilage tissue?

Answer 35

Some innervation and vascularization in the outer layer.

Question 36

What are some other characteristics of Fibrocartilage?

Answer 36

Fibrocartilage is found within meniscus, Larum and intervertebral disc.

Mix of Dense C.T and Art. Cartilage.

Used for Shock absorption and Tensile strength.

Can withstand multi directional force due to dense network of collagen

No perichondrium (no direct nutrient supply)

Avascular and anerual (no pain or proprioception)

Inner layers have poor healing capacity

Cells nourished by synovial fluid via loading