Topic 4

Question 1

Describe the classification of species into the taxonomic hierarchy.

Answer 1

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and species

Question 2

Cartilaginous vs. Bony fish: Scales

Answer 2

Cartilaginous: placoid, tooth like scales

Bony fish: Cycloid. thin, bony, grow out of skin. protects tissue. Provides camouflage. Reduces drag.

Question 3

Cartilaginous vs. Bony fish: Mouth

Answer 3

Cart: ventral, on the underside

Bony: terminal, front side of head facing forwards

Question 4

Cartilaginous vs. Bony fish: tail lobes

Answer 4

Cart: 5-7 pairs, slits

Bony: 4 pairs, covered by operculum

Question 5

Cartilaginous vs. Bony fish: Position in water

Answer 5

Cart: fins, lower density (cartilage and oily liver)

Bony: Swim bladder. Gas filled that controls flotation. can contract or expand for going up/down.

Question 6

Cartilaginous vs. Bony fish: Sensory

Answer 6

Cart: ampullae of Lorenzini, lateral line (jelly-filled canals connecting pores to sensory bulbs)

Bony: lateral line (connection of nerves)

Question 7

Cartilaginous vs. Bony fish: Reproduction

Answer 7

Cart: Internal fertilization, variety od developments, fewer offspring

Bony: external fertilization, ovipary development (eggs are laid and develop outside of the mother’s body), more offspring

Question 8

binomial nomenclature

Answer 8

Two parts:
Genus: capitalized
Species: lowe case
Italicized or underlined

Question 9

features of adult echinoderms

Answer 9

• spiny skin, endoskeleton covered by thin skin

-pentaradial symmetry

• water vascular system (network of canals, external projections called tube feet)

Question 10

features of crustaceans

Answer 10

-carapace (head and thorax)
-segmented abdomen (females can carry eggs)
-jointed legs
-2 pairs of antennae (sensory)

Question 11

features of bony fish

Answer 11

operculum
gills
scales
lateral line
fins (pectoral, caudal, anal, dorsal, and pelvic)

Question 12

features of cartilaginous fish

Answer 12

gill slits
denticles
fins (pectoral, caudal, pelvic, anal, and dorsal)

Question 13

features of macroalgae (seaweed)

Answer 13

holdfast (anchor)
stipe (stem)
gas bladders (keeps blades afloat)
blades (photosynthesis)

Question 14

features of marine plants

Answer 14

rhizome (run horizontally under the sediment to hold in place and allow asexual reproduction)
roots (anchor and absorb nutrients)
flowers (produce pollen)
leaves (photosynthesis)

Question 15

Genetic diversity

Answer 15

the differences in DNA among individuals within a species or population

Question 16

Species diversity

Answer 16

the number or variety of species in the world or in a particular region

Question 17

Ecosystem diversity

Answer 17

the number or variety of ecosystems within a particular area

Question 18

the importance of marine biodiversity

Answer 18

-More biodiversity=more stable
-provides protection of the coastal environment
-climate control
-food sources
-sources of medicine

Question 19

Ecosystem

Answer 19

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

ex: Great Barrier Reef (living organisms: coral, fish, and algae) (non-living: water, sunlight, and the physical structure of the reef)

Question 20

niche

Answer 20

the role or function of an organism or species within an ecosystem, including how it obtains and uses resources.

Ex:seagrass beds (provide a habitat for small fish, serve as a feeding ground, contribute to nutrient cycling)

Question 21

species

Answer 21

a group of organisms that share common characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

Question 22

population

Answer 22

group of individuals of the same species living in a specific geographic area at the same time

Ex: population of bluefin tuna in the North Atlantic Ocean represents the total number of bluefin tuna individuals within that particular region.

Question 23

community

Answer 23

group of populations of different species that live and interact in the same area

Ex: kelp forest community (various species: kelp, sea urchins, fish, and sea otters) organisms interact with each other, web of relationships

Question 24

Abiotic factors

Answer 24

non-living components of an ecosystem that influence the living organisms within it. shape the physical and chemical conditions of the environment.

ex: Temperature, Light, Water

Question 25

Biotic factors

Answer 25

living or once-living components of an ecosystem, including all organisms and their interactions with one another

ex: : Plants, Animals, Microorganisms

Question 26

the mark-release-recapture method

Answer 26

-to estimate the size of a population for a particular species within a defined area
-assumes that the marked individuals have fully mixed with the population, and that the probability of capturing a marked individual is the same as capturing an unmarked individual.
-useful in situations where it is difficult to count the entire population directly
-on factors such as the marking method, the time between marking and recapturing, and the assumptions made about the population’s behavior

Question 27

Understand how to use the Lincoln Index and identify limitations of the method.

Answer 27

Assumptions: assumes that the population is closed during the study period, meaning no immigration, emigration, births, or deaths occur

Marking Effect: of marking individuals may affect their behavior

Mark Loss: could lose their mark

Unequal Catchability: Some individuals may be more or less likely to be caught, affecting the accuracy of the estimate.

Population Dynamics: Index does not account for changes in population size over time, births, or deaths during the study period

Question 28

random sampling

Answer 28

Adv:
- no bias
-more representative
-statistical analysis is often simpler

Dis:
- logistically challenging
- may not capture specific subgroups

Question 29

Systematic sampling

Answer 29

involves selecting individuals at regular intervals from a list after a random starting point has been determined

Adv:
-simpler and more practical (esp in large pop)
-ensures equal coverage

Dis:
-if there is a periodic pattern in the population it might lead to biased results
-may not be suitable of there is a hidden order in the population