topic 4

Question 1

what changes across a node

Answer 1

the sign of the wave function

Question 2

which d orbitals lie between the cartesian axis

Answer 2

dxy
dzy
dzx

Question 3

which d orbitals lie on the cartesian axis

Answer 3

dz^2
d x2 - y2

Question 4

what does orbital energy depend on

Answer 4

depends on the e- inside of them

Question 5

what is the orbital energy when there are no e- inside them

Answer 5

0 orbital energy when the orbital is empty

Question 6

where are d orbitals degenerate

Answer 6

they’re degenerate in:
a vacuum
a spherical field of negative charge

Question 7

what is the difference between d orbitals in a vacuum and in a spherical field of negative charge

Answer 7

in the spherical field, the orbitals have higher energy but are still degenerate

Question 8

what is the crystal field theory

Answer 8

an ionic model that considers metals and ligands as point charges

Question 9

what are the point charges of the metal and ligand

Answer 9

M = +

L = -

Question 10

what holds the metal ligand complex

Answer 10

the electrostatic forces of attraction between the M+ and L-

Question 11

what interaction does CFT focus on

Answer 11

how the interaction of the ligand and metal affects the d orbital energy

Question 12

what can CFT explain

Answer 12

spec
magnetism
reactivity trends in d block compounds

Question 13

when an octahedral complex is affected by a crystal field, what happens

Answer 13

5 splits into
2 eg (higher energy - directed towards ligands)
3 t2g (lower energy - lie between ligands and the cartesian axis )

Question 14

what is the crystal field splitting energy for octahedral complex’s

Answer 14

🔺o

separation between eg and t2g

Question 15

what factors affect magnitude of 🔺o

Answer 15

• nature of metal
• metal charge
• metal group position
• ligand

Question 16

how does the metal charge effect 🔺o

Answer 16

higher + charge = higher oxidation state
= smaller metal ion
= shorter ML bond distance
= stronger interaction energy
= larger 🔺o

Question 17

how does the metals group position affect 🔺o

Answer 17

🔺o increases by 20%-50% for each successive TM row

larger size = larger overlap with ligand

Question 18

what ligands cause a larger 🔺o

Answer 18

halides = slow separation

CN- , CO= strong binding = toxic = larger 🔺o

Question 19

what TM make a tetrahedral shape

Answer 19

mostly first row TM

Question 20

how do tetrahedral complex’s split in a crystal field

Answer 20

3 = t2 = higher energy (closer alignment to ligands)

2 = e = lower energy ( low alignment to ligands)

Question 21

what is different to the splitting in tetrahedral and octahedral complexes

Answer 21

in tetrahedral complexes, no orbital align exactly to the ligand

Question 22

what is the crystal field splitting energy gap in tetrahedral complex’s

Answer 22

🔺t

Question 23

what is eg

Answer 23

high energy
octahedral
doubly degenerate 2

Question 24

what is e

Answer 24

lower energy
tetrahedral
doubly degenerate 2

Question 25

what is t2

Answer 25

high energy
tetrahedral
triply degenerate

Question 26

what is t2g

Answer 26

low energy
octahedral
triply degenerate