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biology > Topic 4B- Diversity and Selection > Flashcards

Topic 4B- Diversity and Selection Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

mutation

A

a change in the DNA base sequence

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2
Q

substitution

A

1 base sis swapped for another based

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3
Q

deletion

A

a base is removed

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4
Q

addition

A

a base is added

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5
Q

translocation

A

a sequence of bases are moved

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6
Q

polygenic

A

many genes

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7
Q

is translocation a gene or chromosome mutation

A

chromosome

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8
Q

stomatic cell

A

any body cell, anything bit a gamete

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9
Q

gamete

A

sex cell

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10
Q

are mutations random

A

yes

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11
Q

duplication

A

at least one base is reapeated

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12
Q

inversion

A

a sequence of bases are reversed

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13
Q

a mis-sense mutation

A

different amino acids is coded for, altering the primary structure

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14
Q

what will happen is an enzymes primary structure is changed

A

the tertiary structure changes therefore affecting the active site of an enzyme- substrate can no longer fit in

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15
Q

silent mutation

A

the base changed doesn’t affect the tertiary structure as the coe is degenrate

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16
Q

degenerate

A

more than 20 triplet codes compared to the 20 amino acids

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17
Q

nonsense mutation

A

the change in a triplet codes for a stop mutation therefore the rest of the RNA isn’t read during transcription

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18
Q

frame shift

A

altering the order of the triplets this can be die to a deletion or addition

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19
Q

where may a mutation occur and it have less consequences

A

an end of a gene or introns

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20
Q

gene expression

A

the process of transcription and translation

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21
Q

mutagens

A

environmental condition or substance which increases the rate of a mutation occuring

22
Q

examples of mutagens

A
  • pollution
  • radiation
  • alchohol
  • some viruses
23
Q

carcinogens

A

something that mutates DNA in the genes that replicate- causing cancer

24
Q

what type of cell undergoes meiosis

A

gametes

25
Q

zygote

A

first fertilised cell of gametes

26
Q

diploid

A

full set of chromosomes (46)

27
Q

haploid

A

half set of chromosomes (23)

28
Q

homologous

A

same pairs of chromosomes

29
Q

alleles

A

different version of the same gene

30
Q

example of different alleles

A

eye colour

31
Q

what type of division is meiosis and why is it needed

A

reduction division, to get the correct number of chromosomes

32
Q

how many haploid daughter cells does meiosis produce

A

4

33
Q

locus

A

position on chromosome where a gene is found

34
Q

how many stages does meiosis take

A

2

35
Q

are the cells produced in meiosis genetically identical

A

no

36
Q

genetic diversity

A

total number of different alleles within a population

37
Q

population

A

total number of one species in an area at a given time

38
Q

gene pool

A

total number of alleles of all genes in a population

39
Q

what makes a population more stable

A

larger number of alleles

40
Q

larger number of genes =

A

able to resist environmental change

41
Q

example of environmental change

A

temperature increase

42
Q

how does variation occur

A

mutations

43
Q

gene flow

A

an organism of the same species but different population mixes with another population

44
Q

what does lots of gene flow result in

A

genetically similar populations

45
Q

how does increasing number of alleles in a population occur

A

mutations and gene flow

46
Q

types of reducing genetic diversity

A

genetic bottleneck and founder effect

47
Q

genetic bottle neck

A

reduction in populations due to a catastrophe

48
Q

founder effect

A

the loss of genetic variation when a new population is established from a very small number of individuals from a larger population

49
Q

ethical ideas of selective breeding

A

-if it effects organism well being
-what diseases could be spread

50
Q

negatives of selective breeding

A

-loss of alleles entirely
-population is less resistant to change

biology (9 decks)

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