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Biology > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

health definition

A

the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or imfirmiry - World Health Organisation WHO

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2
Q

pathogen

A

an organism that causes disease e.g. virus, bacteria, fugi, protist

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3
Q

communicable diseases

A

caused by pathogens and can be transfered from one person to another / animal

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4
Q

noncommunicable diseases

A

disease are not transfered from one person to the other caused by faulty genes, lifestyle, diet

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5
Q

why does having one disease mean a person is more

A

immune system may not be working as well as it should be
the disease may affect the physical barriers so pathogens may be able to enter

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6
Q

STIs

A

infections passed from person to person through sexual contact

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7
Q

HIV

A

human, immunodeficiency, virus

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8
Q

AIDS

A

acquired, immuno, deficiency syndrome

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9
Q

where is it found

A

blood, vaginal fluids, semen, breast milk

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10
Q

how is it transmitted

A

sex without a condom, infected needles, from mother to baby e.g. across the placenta during pregnancy, breast feeding

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11
Q

how is it not transmitted

A

kissing, touching, sharing utensils, sneezing, toilet seats

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12
Q

reducing the spread of HIV

A
  • wear condoms during sex
  • drug users should avoid sharing needles
  • being screened/ tested early and given medication (antiviral drugs)
  • education on how its spread/ reduced
  • contact tracing of partners of infected
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13
Q

difference between sti and aids

A

sti is the infection
aids is the name of teh disease

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14
Q

HIV virus needs to…

A

infect living cells to be able to reproduce
- the virus infects whie blood cells which are important in destroying pathogens
- the virus will destroy the white blood cells
- when you are infected with HIV they say you are HIV positive
- as this number goes up it leads to AIDS
- this is when the immune system breaks down due to lack of white blood cells
- this can result in a patient being vulnerable to opportunistic diseases like TB becas the body cant destroy the TB pathogen

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15
Q

cholera

A

the pathogen, diarrhoea, spread via contaminated water, make sure people have access to clean water supply

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16
Q

tuberculosis

A

bacterium ( mycobacterium tuberculosis), coughing an lung damage, through the air when infected individuals cough, infected people should avoid crowded public places, practice good hygiene, sleep alone, well ventilated house

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17
Q

malaria

A

protist, damage to red blood cells and severe cases to the liver, mosquitoes act as animal vectors, passing the protist to humans without getting infected themselves, use mosquito nets, insect repellant

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18
Q

stomach ulcers

A

bacterium (helicobacter), stomch pain, nausea, vommitig, oral transmission e.g. swallowing contaminated water/ food, having clean water supplies, hygienic living conditions

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19
Q

ebola

A

ebola virus, haemorrhagic fever (fever with bleeding), via bodily fluids, by isolating and sterilising areas with virus presesnt

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20
Q

chalara ash dieback

A

a fungus that infects ash trees, leaf loss, bark lesions, carried by teh air by wind, spreads when disease ash trees are being moved between areas, removing young infected trees, replanting with different species, restriction import of ash trees

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21
Q

chlamydia

A

bacterial infection
one of the mostcommonly sexually transmitted infections
easy to cure
1/10
spread: sex without condom, baby during birth through placenta

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22
Q

mucus

A

lining of trochea/ windpipe, nose
sticky layer traps majority of pathogens
physical barrier

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23
Q

cilia

A

in the nose, lining the trachea/ windpipe, sweep the mucus away from the lungs and swallowed into the stomach where the acids kill them, physical barriers

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24
Q

hair

A

the nostrils, helps trap the pathogen in the sticky mucus, physical barrier

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25
lysozyme enzyme
found in tears (no marks for eyes), destroys the cell wall of bacteria killing it, chemical defence
26
skin
all over the body, tough and impermeable to pathogens, if skin is cut a blood clot forms to prevent pathogens from getting in, physical barrier
27
hydraulic acid
stomach, destroys cell wall, chemical defence
28
first line of defence
physical, chemical barriers
29
second line of defence
phagocytes
30
third line of defence
antibodies produced by b lymphocytes
31
phagocytes
digest microorganism (ooo)
32
lymphocytes
produce antibodies (0)
33
phagocytes job
phasasite approaches the pathogen because its attracted to the chemical it produces phagocytes surrounds and engulfs the pathogen releases enzymes called lysozyme which digest the pathogen
34
primary immune responce
how the body responds wjen a pathogern enetrs your body for teh first time
35
B Lymphocytes release
antibodies
36
on teh surface of pathogens, there are
antigens are molecules (proteins) fouund on the surface of pathogens, specific, complementary to a specific antibody
37
primary response steps
1. the pathoge enters the body, exposure to pathogen, the antigens o the pathogens are unique 2. the antigens on the pathogens bind to the antibodies, activate lymphocyte 3. the B lymphocyte divides many times to produce identical copies by mitosis 4. the lymphosyres now produce many antibodies which are complimentary angigens on the pathogens 5. some of the lymphocytes become memory lymphocytes
38
why are you likely to become ill when a pathogen enters your body for teh first time
It takes time for the B lymphosyte to divide and to make enough antibodies. This allows the pathogen to multiply and make you ill, there are no memory lymphocytes
39
secondary immune responce
the way the body responds when the same pathogens enters your body for the second time
40
how do antibodies work
antibodies attach to antigens on the surface of pathogens and cause their destruction or antibodies neutralise the toxins released by the pathogens or cause pathogens to clump together making it easier for the phagocytes to destroy them
41
clumping together
agglutination
42
what is the incubation temp
25, reduces haemful bacteria growing
43
antiseptic techniques
- use autoclave to prepare sterile growth agar and Petri dishes - use sterile forceps that have been passes thorgh a bunsen flame - use sterile incocluatation loop heat with bunsen flame - only open the petri dish lid slightly - use bunsen burned nearby to create updrift as the hot air keeps unwanted bacteria in the air and they don't settle onto petri dish - place teh petri dish upside down into n =an incubator to stop moistre from dripping down onto the bacteria and disrupting the colonies
44
autoclave
uses steam at high pressure and tempereratre to sterelise the petri dish and agar before use
45
developing new medicine
1. pre clinical stage: the testing is done on cells/ tissue to find out weather the medicine gets into diseased cells and has desired effects 2. testing carried out on animals to see how the body responds without risking human life 3. a small (100s) clinical trial is held on healthy people to find out weather the medicine is safe for humans and that harmful side effects are limited 4. large (1000s) clinical trail is held many patients with the disease tested on to see the right dose of medicine and to see weather different people with disease have different side effects
46
placebo
fake medicine to check if they anret feeling better because they think they're getting teh medice
47
blind trial
teh perosn donst knwo if tehre getting teh placebo or not
48
double blind trial
the doctor/ patient both dont know
49
missing iron
amenia, cold feet/ hands, tirdness, headaches, spinish leaves, liver, beans, nuts red blood cells are smaller than normal, reduced number
50
missing calcium
vitamin D rickets, soft bones, weak tooth enamel, milk, fish, egg
51
missing vitamin C
scurvy, joint pain, fatigue, skin bruises easily, citrus, strawberries
52
missing protein
kwashiorkor, faliure to grow prperly, enlarged belly, small muscles, animal based food, fish, eggs
53
CVD can lead to...
a stroke/ heart attack
54
heart is made of
cardiac muscle/ tissue myogenic because can relax and contract without nervous stimulation
55
blockage of coranary artoetes
can lead to heart attck/ angina
56
the coratid arteries
to the brain can lead to a stroke
57
dead musle
the heart muscle will die as the heart cells don't receive enough oxygen and glucose for respiration
58
factors that increase risk
- diet in high saturated fat - smoking - excess alcohol - salt - lack of exercise links to obesity
59
non life style factors
- genes - increase in age
60
effects of smoking in CVD
cigat=rette smoke contains nicotine which increases the heart rate increasing blood pressure this causes damage to teh artery wallsliek fatty substances called cholesterol to build up in teh artery they reduce blood flow to the heart and can cause a heart attack if the arteries to teh brain are blocked and a stroke will occur the fatty deposits can cause the lining of the artery to burst increasing the chance of a blood clot
61
blood clot
red blood cells clumped together preventing blood flow
62
cholesterol
builds up and hardens to form plaque
63
stents
coranary arteries that are blocked or have become narrow can be stretched open and have stent iserted to restore + maintain blood flow + allows blood flow through the blood vessels and reduces chances of heart attacks or stroke - blood clotformation on stent - scar tissue around the stent - blood vessles may collapse
64
lifestyle changes
diet that emphasises fruit and veg, limited intake on sugar + red meat reduces rick of heart attack or stroke, reduces blood pressure
65
statins
a drug that lowers your cholesterol by blocking the substance your body needs to make it reduces risk of heart attack or stroke side effects include liver damage, dizziness, aching muscles
66
anticoagulants
medicince that helps prevent blood clots reduces risk of heart attack or stroke can case bleeding inside the body
67
antihypertensives
reduces blood pressure helping prevet damage to the blood vessels and so reducing the risk of fatty deposits forming reduces risk of heart attack or stroke side effects e.g. fainting, headaches
68
heart transplant
risk during surgery as it doenst always work, drugs have to be taken to stop the body rejecting the heart
69
bypass surgery
diverting blood through a healthy blood vessle
70
A_______________________
artemisinin for: kills protist that causes malaria, reduces body temperature during malarial fevers from: extracted from wormwood plant
71
A_______
asprin for: controling symptoms of fever or pain from: willow trees make salicylic acid
72
BMI
mass/ height 2
73
apply bactrei in a zig zag motion to ensure that it is
evenly distributed
74
waist hip ratio
waist cir/ hip cir
75
your waist should be
narrower than your hips
76
why is w-h ratio better
it takes into account distribution of fat
77
laying fat around your
abdomen increases risk in CVD
78
monoclonal antibodies are
copies of one type of antibody, produced hybridoma cells
79
lymphosyte
produces antibodies , doenst divide
80
tumour cells
divides quickly, doenst produce antibodies
81
hybridoma cell
fuse produces monoclonal antibodies, divides easily
82
pregnancy
teh woman urinates onto one end of the stick if she is pregnant the hormone HCG will be present in her urine the hormone will bind to the monoclonal antibodies attachtced to imobone blue beads in teh reaction zone teh urine carries the blue beads to the results window the hormone attaches to the impbile monoclonal antibodies this will form a blue line in the control window proteins always found in urine to bind to specific monoclonal antibodies here forming a line showing the test is working
83
Explain why chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics
it inhibits the cell's process because its caused by bacteria
84
Explain why the data suggests that Patient Z has a bacterial infection.
it has higher number of white blood cells that kill microorganisms
85
Explain why the men have different BMI values
mass/height2 so they must be different heights
86
lytic pathway
virus injectes viral genetic material into the host cell viral genetic material reproduces/ replicates viral genetic material is used to make protein which is used to make protein coat new viruses assemble cell lyses releasing viruses move on to inject other host cells
87
lysogenic pathway
virus injects host cell with viral genetic material viral genetic material fuses with the DNA divides normally replicateing viral genetic material after a lot of divisions the viral genetic material may leave the DNA and enter the lytic pathway
88
viral genetic material
ion caspid
89
what does a virus need a host cell for
it doenst hav eribisomes / any way to make proetins needs to make protein for proein coat / capsid
90
immunisation
teh vaccine contains the antigens of the pathogen only these vaccines are injected into the body lymphocytes start making antibodies to destroy teh antigens some lymphocytes develop into memory lymphocytes if teh actyal live pathogen enyers your body teh memory lymphocytes produce lots of antibodies very quickly so teh apthagens can be destroyed very quickly and you don't develop the disease we say your immune
91
herd immunity pros and cons
+ a person will become immune to a disease so wont have to suffer / be hearmed by it + if enough people are immunised then anyone who cant be immunised e.g. babies will be less likely to get the disease as there are fewer people that can pass it on - swelling, fevers - always side effects
92
how do antibiotics kill ...
bacteria by inhibiting cells process they dont have this effect on humans as the cell wall is destroyed but humans don't have a cell wall
93
why does teh wind potato only prduce teh substance when its being attaked
doenst need to expend energy all the time
94
younger shoots
have weak cell walls
95
why do foxgloves prduce posion all the time
alot of poiin required againt large herbivores
96
how do monoclonal antibodies treat cancer
carry anti- cancer drugs which only bind with the antigens on tumor cells, only targeting cancer cells
97
Penicillin inhibits the synthesis of the cell wall in bacteria. Explain the effect of penicillin on bacterial and human cells
prevents bacteria from dividing as they cant make new cell walls humans don't have cell walls, unaffected
98
Explain how a gastric band helps a person to lose weight.
volume os stomach is smaller so less food intake
99
Explain why exercise can cause weight loss
requires respiration obtained from fat
100
Antibiotics kill
bacteria
101
tissue
group of similar cells to carry out a specific function
102
monoclonal antibodies made to target cancer cells
cancer cells have proteins on thier cell membrabes which arent found in human cells these are called tumour markers in the lab you can make monoclonal antibodies that bind to the tumour markers this can be useed to diagnose or treat cancer
103
how are monoclona anibodies used to treat cancer
1. antibodies are labelled with a radioactive element 2. labled antibodies given to patient through drip 3. enters body and carried in blood 4. when antobodies come into contact with canver cells they bind to the tumour markers 5. a photo taken of teh patient, high levels of radioactivity/ cancer cells detected as bright spots 6. doctors can see exactly where it is and how large it is
104
monoclonal antibodies that destroy blood clots
1. when blood clots, protein in the blood joins together forming a mesh 2. monoclonal antibodies bind to teh proteins 3. radioactive material attacted to antibodies 4. picture with camera that picks up radiation as bright spots 5. get rid of blood clot
105
monoclonal antibodies made by
1. inject mouse with chosen antigen e.g. hormone 2. mouse makes lymphocytes that produce that antibody against the angigen on the hormone 3. fast dividing tumour cells from lab fuse with b lymphocyes to craete hybridoma cells 4. divides to produce lots of monoclonal antibodies

Biology (9 decks)

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