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Biology > Topic 8 > Flashcards

Topic 8 Flashcards

1
Q

structure of the blood

A
  • platelets
  • plasma (yellow liquid part of blood)
  • red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • white blood cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes)
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2
Q

plasma role

A

yellow liquid that carries dissolved liquid substances liek glucose, hormones, urea, and amino acids

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3
Q

phagocytes role

A

fights infection by engulfing pathogen and digesting it

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4
Q

lymphocyte role

A

fights infection by producing antibodies which destorys microorgamisns

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5
Q

platelets

A

helps to form a clot to form a scab preventing microorganisms from entering

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6
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes
carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

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7
Q

haemoglobin

A

this is a red pigment what helps carry oxygen

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8
Q

thin membrane

A

so oxygen can diffuse in and out easy

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9
Q

biconcave shape

A

increases surface to volume ratio so more oxygen can diffuse in

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10
Q

flexible membrane

A

so it can change shape to squeeze through narrow capillaries

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11
Q

no nucleus

A

more space to carry haemoglobin so more oxygen

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12
Q

no nucleus

A

more space to carry haemoglobin so more oxygen

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13
Q

no nucleus

A

more space to carry haemoglobin so more oxygen

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14
Q

blood circulatory system consists of

A

heart
blood vessles

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15
Q

mammals circulatory system

A

mammals have a double circulatory system. This means there are two systems one system to the lungs and one to the rest of teh body and head

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16
Q

single circulatory system

A

the blood can take one route
found in fish

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17
Q

function of heart

A
  • to pump deoxygenated blood thats low in oxygen and high in co2 to the lungs
  • to pump oxygenated blood thats high is oxygen a dn low in co2 to teh head and body
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18
Q

fuction of the valves

A
  • ensure blood travels in teh right direction e.g. valves close when the ventricles contract to prevent teh blood flowing back into teh atrium
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19
Q

why is teh left ventricle wall thicker than teh right

A

it pumps blood further to the head and body so more force is needed than for the right ventricle wall as it only pumps blood to the lungs which is a shorter distance so less pressure is needed. Thicker muscle provides greater force.

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20
Q

why do mammals have a double circulatory system

A

one pumps a a low pressure to teh lungs so teh blood has time to pass through the lunsg for gas exchange
A high pressure is needed to ensure blood reaches all parts of teh blood

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21
Q

cardiac output

A

total amount of blood pumped ot of teh left hand side of teh heart per 1 min

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22
Q

sroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out in 1 heart beat (cm cubed)

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23
Q

heart rate

A

number of heart beats in 1 min

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24
Q

euquation for cardiac output

A

stroke volume times heart rate

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25
arteries
transport blood away from the heart
26
viens
transport blood to the heart
27
capillaries
have thin walls which are permeable allowing substances to leave the blood to reach all the cells in the body
28
Describe how the circulatory system transports substances around the body
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the head and body. The arteries transport blood away from the heart. Arteries divide to form capillaries. Capillaries exchange materials with tissues – oxygen and glucose diffuse from the blood into cells and carbon dioxide and water diffuse out of cells into the blood Capillaries join to form wider blood vessels called veins Veins transport blood back to the heart.
29
Fick's Law shows
relationshiop between factors that affect diffusion
30
3 factors that affect rate of diffusion
surface area concentraion diffenece thickness of membrane
31
the body's demand for oxygen is...
enourmous so diffusion across the gas exchange surface (alveoli) needs to be rapid
32
rate of diffusion
surface area times concnetratipn difference/ thickness of menbrane
33
surface to area ratio | which is better
larger
34
multicellular organisms tend to have
a small S:V - if they relied on thier surface to exchange substances they could not exchange substances to supply their entire volume through the porcess of diffusion - Therefore they have a transport system - in humans this is: blood vlessles in the circulation system which allows substances the cells need to reach them and remove the wate they produce
35
why are cells small
larger SA:V for diffusion of oxygen, glcose, co2 and water allows substances to diffuse throughthe whole volume of teh cell stopping waste building up inside
36
if the body isnt able to supply enough oxygen
aneaobic respirtion takes place
37
areobic respiration equation
oxygen + glucose -> Co2 + watre + energy
38
Anaerobic respiration equation
glucose -> lactic acid
39
anaerobic respiration is useful to the body when
energy is needed in a hurry e.g. when animsl needs to tun fro preditor/ running/ lifting
40
problems with anaerobic respiration
- releases much less energy from glucose comaored to areobic respiration as not all the glucose is broken down - lactic acid is poisonous waste product that causes muscle cramps and fatigue
41
Anaerobic respiration | process
1. energy rrlease without oxygen 2. Less energy produced as not al tehglucose breaks down 3. Lactic acid is alo produced which is a mild posin and causes musle cramp ad fatigue
42
EPOC
oxygen needed to break down teh lactic caid after anaerobic respiration | excess post- exersise oxygen consumption
43
why do you pant after a vigirous activity
to taje in lost of oxygen into your blood which is needed to break down the lactic acid down in CO2 and H2O. This happens in the liver
44
yeast is found
on teh surface of fruits and can respire aerobically if it respired anaerobically it will produce C02 and ethanol (alchaholic fermentaion)
45
Yeast fermentation
-produces CO2 which causes teh dough to rise - the ethanol evaportaes
46
wine making
sugars in grape juice are fermented to procuce alchahol
47
both aer and ana
use glucose release energy
48
layer of moisture inside of the alveolus | adaptation of teh gas exchange surafce
gases dissolve in the moistiure helping them to pass across the gas exchange surfce
49
many alveoli | adaptation of teh gas exchange surafce
larger surface area so faster **rate of diffusion**
50
wall of alveolus is very thin (one cell thick) | adaptation of teh gas exchange surafce
this sesults in a shorter diffusion sistance so faster rate of diffusion
51
wall of cappilary is very thin (one cell) | adaptation of teh gas exchange surafce
shorter diffusion distance so faster rate of diffusion
52
good blood supply | adaptation of teh gas exchange surafce
blood continally moving to ensure a steep concentration gradient is set up for gases to diffuse
53
breaththing in and out | adaptation of teh gas exchange surafce
air moving in and out ensures a steep concentrayion gradiebt is set up for gases to diffuse
54
A. trachea (windpipe) B.bronchus (pl. bronchi) C.bronchiole D.alveolus (pl. alveoli)
55
how do you maintain a steep concentration
- flow of blood - breathing
56
# Rate of respiration in living organisms explanation for anomalous relult
some mealworms coul have been dead
57
# Rate of respiration in living organisms what gas is produced in araerobic respiration
Co2
58
# Rate of respiration in living organisms function of soda lime
absorbs CO2
59
# Rate of respiration in living organisms why does the coloured dye move in teh cappilary tube
oxygen is taken
60
# Rate of respiration in living organisms cotton wool function
portects the mealworms ethical corrosive
61
# Rate of respiration in living organisms how to reduce harm of organisms
use a paintbrush
62
vena calva
from head and body
63
pulmanory artery
to lungs
64
aorta
to head and body
65
pulmanory vein
from lungs
66
structure of heart
atrium above ventricle
67
middle of left and right
septum
68
blood flows through the
lumen of blood vessle
69
variety of lumen
arteries - narrow veins - wider
70
valves not working properly
- backflow of blood - less oxygeneated bloodd pumped to the body
71
compare fish and mammals circulitary system
- two/ four chambers - double/ single circulatory system - deoxygenated blood flwos through heart only
72
valves
prevent backflow from venticle to atrium
73
how does reduces cardiac output effect cells of athlete
- less blow flow to musles - less oxyge and glucose - reduced rate of aerobic respiration - anearobic - lactic acid produced - fatige and musle cramps - not as much energy made - less co2 removed

Biology (9 decks)

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