topic 5 specification Flashcards
1
Q
where is population density highest
A
in urban cores
2
Q
what are conurbations
A
towns that have merged to form continuous urban areas
3
Q
give an example of a conurbation
A
merseyside - including Liverpool, Knowsley and St Helens
4
Q
give 2 mostly rural upland areas
A
northern Scotland
and central Wales
south west England
north England
northern ireland
5
Q
urban cores have more ___activity
A
economic
6
Q
___of jobs in cities are found where
A
in the urban core
7
Q
what sector are main employment opportunities in
A
tertiary (and manufacturing (electronics/food and drink)
8
Q
give 2 reason people live in cities
A
more jobs
better paid
9
Q
what is main industry in rural areas
A
primary
10
Q
what type of seasonal industry can be found in rural areas
A
tourism - such as in lake district cafe and hotels
11
Q
some rural settlements near urban areas have become what
A
commuter settlements
12
Q
there is a higher proportion of young/old in cities
A
young - as more working age attracted by jobs
13
Q
why are there more old people in rural
A
move out of cities to peace and don’t need to work (retire)
14
Q
isolated rural areas on the ___of the UK are relatively ___which leads to few employment opportunities as easy/hard to farm and many/few natural resources - therefore young people move out leading to ____which leads to loss of ___
A
periphery
inaccessible
hard
few
depopulation
services
15
Q
rural areas around former ___areas (such as north- ___of England and parts of midlands)have high ___due to loss of the ___
A
industrial
east
unemployment
industries/jobs
16
Q
give 3 policies which aim to reduce differences in wealth (inequality)
A
enterprise zones
transport infrastructure
regional development
17
Q
how many enterprise zones has the government created
A
55
18
Q
give 3 things in the enterprise zones for businesses
A
reduced taxes
simpler planning rules
improved infrastructure (eg super fast broadband)
19
Q
give an example of an enterprise zone and how many companies (of what type) have been created there and how many businesses it wants to attract and how many jobs it wants to create
A
Dorset green enterprise zone
2 high tech engineering companies
55
2000
20
Q
what is the government going to do to link London, Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester
A
create HS2
21
Q
what will HS2 do
A
increase capacity and reduce journey time and therefore promote industry and jobs in rural areas in the north
22
Q
given example of a local investment in transport to create jobs in rural areas
A
Lancashire country council built a new road linking the port of Heysham to the M6
to encourage business investment by reducing travel time and easing congestion and creating jobs
23
Q
what fund in the EU promotes growth in rural areas
A
European regional development fund
24
Q
give 3 things the ERDF did to promote growth in poorer rural areas
A
invest in small high tech business
invest in infrastructure such as high speed broadband
provide training to locals
25
give an example of a project from the ERDF which funded _____in an area of the UK and what type of people it attracted
superfast broadband in Cornwall
attracted digital businesses such as gravitas and linked regeneration projects and research centres in the region
attracted young, skilled graduates to boost local economy
26
give an example of a government scheme to boost regional development and what it does
sustainable farming incentive (SFI) - funds farmers to improve food production and sustainability as farmers are rewarded for improving water quality, soil health and biodiversity
27
what 2 things does migration influence
age structure and population distribution in the UK
28
what fraction of the UK's population growth is natural increase
50% (more births than deaths)
29
what fraction of population growth in UK is migration
50%
30
where do people leave the UK to go to
australia, USA, Frsnce snd spain
31
since __there has been net migration into the UK
1983
32
net migration has more than ___in the last 10 years
doubled
33
where do young national migrants and most international migrants go
cities
34
what are the 2 most popular destinations for international migrants
London and West Midlands
35
what region has the highest number of people leaving
London
36
there is lots of ____as wealthy people leave cities for a better quality of life in rural areas for example from London
counter urbanisation
37
many older people move where when they retire
coastal areas in east and south west
38
lots of ___migrants means there are more young people
young
39
migration increases the __rate Im the UK
birth rate
40
what % of Uk population are immigrants
13%
41
what % of the babies born in the UK are the children of immigrants
27%
42
after WW--the UK encouraged immigration from where
commonwealth countries
43
where was there lots of immigration from after WW2 to fill up job shortages
caribbean, india, pakistan
44
after wind rush entry was restricted but ___permits for migrants with desirable ___were available so many highly skilled __and __still come to the UK
work
skills
Indians
pakistanis
45
hat % of people in the UK have Caribbean and asian ethnicity
nearly 10%
46
what % of the population of Leicester is of Indian heritage
29%
47
since __the EU has allowed freedom of movement
1995
48
freedom of movement in the EU has increased the number of people in the UK from ___
europe
49
in ___how many countries joined the EU and what did this mean for people in the UK and jobs markets
2004, 8 - more people from these courntries came to find low skilled jobs in the uK for example Poland
50
when did the Uk leave EU
2020
51
EU immigrant numbers have fallen since when
2020 - Brexit
52
what group is one of the largest non UK born groups in the UK and between what two years did the proportion of these people increase
2001 - 2011 - polish
53
international immigration has increased __diversity introducing __, __ and __
cultural
language
food
art
festivals
fashion
54
since ___jobs in the pimrary industry have ___. as farming jobs became ___so fewer people needed. the __industry declined due to foreign _____and cheaper ___
1960
decline
mechanised
mining
competition
alternative fuels
55
since 1960 jobs in __industry have ealso decreased (__% of the workforce 1961 to __% 2011)
36
9
56
what is the UK's largest sector
retail
57
how many people in retail sector
2.9 million
58
the city of ___has many global ___institutions
London
financial
59
what industries (apart from tertiary) are increasing
and give an example
quaternary - IT /research and development
60
in 2013 how much money was spent on research and development
30 billion pounds
61
where is burnley
lancashire - 20 miles north of Manchester
62
what was the industry in burnley in the early 1900s
textiles - cotton weaving
63
from ___the textile industry in the UK began to collapse due to ____. the last cotton mill closed in___
1914
cheap imports
1980s
64
other __and __industries in burnley also struggled in the 20th century leading to what
loss of jobs
primary and secondary
65
what is the employment rate in burnley
65%
66
wages in burnley are below/above UK average
below
67
the __skills in burnley are attracting what
aerospace engineering firms due to low costs
68
what two sectors are growing in south Wales
tertiary and quaternary
69
for much of the 1800s and 1900s the economy of south Wales was based on what 2 industries
coal mining and ironmaking
70
in the 1900s, __and __declined in south Wales due to overseas____ leading to ___and __
coal mining
ironmaking competition
unemployment and poverty
71
in __different parts of the region of south Wales worked together to achieve economic ___. they aimed to improve __networks, attract __and increase __to draw __to the area
1992
growth
transport
businesses
skills
visitors
72
costs in south Wales are lower/higher than London which makes it __to start up new businesses
lower
easier
73
give 2 examples of universities in south Wales which supply a skilled labour force
Cardiff and swansea
74
south Wales has now attracted ____industries with __and ___companies in particular. As disposable income increases people spend more money on ___which creates yet more jobs in the __effect
high tech
digital
media
services
multiplier
75
what is increasing in the UK (type of money)
FDI
76
give 2 forms of FDI
companies busy land or buildings and locate factory or office there
companies buy all or part of existing businesses
77
what has FDI in the UK risen from and to 2010 to 2014
2010 = £726 billion
2014 = £1 065 billion
78
what groups invest most in the UK as part for FDI
TNCs
79
give 3 reasons for more FDI in the UK
globalisation
free trade
privatisation
80
what is globalisaton
the process of countries becoming more integrated
81
give 2 ways globalisation is increasing FDI
transport and communication links improved - easier for foreign companies to operate and travel in UK
London has developed as a global financial centre and foreign banks locate there due to networking opportunities
82
give an example of a foreign bank in London due to globalisation
German Deutsche Bank
83
how has privatisation increased FDI
services previously nationalised now owned by foreign firms
84
give an example of UK electricity being owned by a foreign company
Scottish power is owned by the spanish company Iberdrola
85
give 3 ways free trade increases FDI
reduce import and export restrictions - easier to trade and set up businesses
EU promotes free trade between member states - companies could move goods and services freely between UK and home country while we were in EU and this increased FDi from the EU
since 2020 - negotiating free trade agreements with other countries which could attract investors from non EU countries
86
give 3 benefits to the UK economy from TNCs
jobs created
large scale projects in infrastructure created which government couldn't otherwise afford
development of new products and business practices which can increase productivity
87
give an example of globalisation creating new jobs
US firm Grand Heritage Hotel Group investing in a resort in Derbyshire and creating 1000 jobs
88
give an example of large scale projects which the government can't afford but TNCs can
£15 billion invested into offshore wind and sub sea power cables
89
give 3 problems for the Uk economy created by TNCs
over reliance
potential damage if they relocate
local businesses can't compete
90
give an example of a problem elsewhere in the world affecting the UK economy due to over reliance on TNCs
economic recession led to redundancies at Nissan factory in Sunderland in 2009
91
give an example of big effects that could happen if a TNC decides to relocate or change suppliers
many farmers in UK are dependent on just one or two large TNCs who buy their produce
92
give an example of local businesses struggling to compete with TNCs
Starbucks has arrived and in some places forced independent shops to close down
93
London is a __city
global
94
where is London's site
a flat floodplain along the river thames estuary
95
over __% of the UK's income comes from what city
20% London
96
London was a major __until 1981 and still has ____links
port
shipping
97
how many major international airports in London
Heathrow and Gatwick and (London city airport)
98
how many smaller airports does London have
3
99
how is there easy access to mainland Europe from London
across the channel tunnel
100
companies are attracted by proximity to __-and so the economies of the south-__of England and ___of England are the two biggest regional economies outside of London
London
east
east
101
London is a __city and one of the two most important __-centres in the world. there are more foreign __in London than anywhere else
works
financial
banks
102
what is the main land use of the CBD
commercial
103
what is CBD
central business district
104
what 2 buildings are in the CBD
high rise office and historical
105
land is ___in the CBD so building density is ___. there are still a few small __though
expensive
high
parks
106
give 2 examples of inner city areas
newham and chelsea
107
newham is a __class residential inner city area compared to Chelsea which is a ___class residential area
low
high
108
give 3 words to describe housing in newham
low density
old
terraced
1960s-70s high rise flats and modern apartments
109
what is environmental quality like in newham and how much green space
low
some
110
what % of houses in Chelsea built. before 1919
80
111
land in Chelsea is ___and so building density is ___. lots of large __houses some of which are now ___. lots of high quality __space and most houses have __.
expensive
high
terraced
flats
green
gardens
112
give an example of a suburbs in London
surbiton
Kingston upon Thames
113
what class residential is surbiton
middle class
114
what type of housing in surbiton
good quality 20th century semi detached
115
most houses in surbiton have ___and there are lots of large areas of good quality __space
gardens
green
116
give 2 examples of the rural urban fringe in London
crockenhill - Sevenoaks
thurrock
117
what type of residential is Sevenoaks
highclass
118
what type of houses in Sevenoaks and what is the area surrounded by
large, detatched and semi detached with gardens
countryside
119
what type of main land use is Thurrock
industrial and commercial
120
what is the main land use in surbiton
middle class residential
121
what is main land use in chelae
high class residential
122
give 3 examples of industries in Thurrock
oil refineries
manufacturing
container port
123
give an example of a new thing in Thurrock
a lakeside retail park opened in 1990
124
what is the population of London
over 8.5 million people
125
give 3 things increasing London's population
International
national migration
internal population growth (natural increase)
126
what ws net international migration to London in 2014r
over 100 000 people
127
what is the migration nationally to London
young people move to the city for work or to study
128
why is there internal population growth in London
lots of young people who have babies
129
inner city lonond has the lowest/highest rate of people moving in and out
highest
130
why do highly skilled people move into inner city
to work in high paid jobs
131
why do low skilled migrants move to inner city
looking for jobs in service sector like cleaning or catering
132
migrants who have spent longer amounts of time in London move to the ___as they get settled
suburbs
133
what % of the population of the boroughs of harrow and hounslow (outer London) are foreign born
50%
134
there is a high percentage of people aged __ to __in inner city London and a low proportion of people over ___
25-34
65
135
what % of people are foreign born in newham, what % in kingston upon Thames
52
29
136
ethnic diversity is higher/low in inner city areas compared to further out
higher
137
population growth rates are __in inner city areas due to high__rates and __rate as young immigrants
high
immigration
birth
138
immigration leads to __in csome areas
overcrowding
139
poorer immigrants live where and why
older terraces and 1960s-70s council tower blocks in inner city - as more affordable
140
in inner cities with high immigration there is an increasing demand for what
services such as education and healthcare - however those who need it the most often don't get the services in poorest areas
141
London has more than __langiages spoken and is very culturally ___
200
diverse
142
many immigrants choose to settle near people with ___ethnic background giving some areas a distinct ethnic character such as what
chinatown
same
143
what is the IMD
index of multiple deprivation
144
give 7 things that the IMD uses to give a figure on overall quality of life
employment
health
education
crime
housing
services
environment
145
deprivation is highest where in London
n=inner city and parts of north London
146
east London is generally more/less deprived than west London
more
147
give 2 ways poorer people are limited auto where they can live
poor quality housing in inner city only
close two work as no car and can't afford public transport
148
what does deprivation affect
access to jobs and services
149
give 4 ways in which poverty can lead to bad quality of life
services
education
employment
health
150
how can deprivation harm access to services
rapid population growth
puts pressure on services
funding to services is higher in deprived areas as councils get less money from taxes and businesses
151
there are ___manufacturing jobs in the inner city as new industries locate on the ___making it harder/easier for people to find suitable work
fewer
outskirts
harder
152
what is average income in Kensington and Chelsea
£130 000
153
what is average income in newham
£35 000
154
what % of London's population is living in poverty
25
155
the best state schools are very ____and hard to get into. which means poorer families end up in ____state schools.
over subscribed
under performing
156
how can lack of access to education due to lack of access to best state schools lead to
cycle of poverty - lack of education = limited job opportunities and Lower incomes
157
what type of lifestyles are more common in deprived areas and this leads to life expectancy being about __years lower in poorer areas
unhealthy - drinking/smoking
5
158
how can healthcare be bad for people in deprived areas
free on NHS but NHS can be overwhelmed and people can't afford private healthcare
159
parts of the __and __in London have declined
inner city
CBD
160
what 2 things has led to decline in central areas of lodon
de industrialisation
depopulation
161
the decline of what industries in the east end led to mass unemployment
docks and manufacturing
162
what % of jobs in dockland areas were lost between __and __
20
1966 and 1976
163
what 2 things led to people moving away from the docklands in the second half of the 20th century
deindustrialization
unemployment
164
what was the depopulation of the inner city caused by as well as deindustrialisation and unemployment
suburbanisation and the building of satellite towns such as Milton Keynes
and slum clearance (demolishing old terraces and replaced with high rise flats)
165
give 2 examples of slum clearances in London
aylesbury estate and southwark
166
what happened as people left some urban areas
buildings left derelict
decrease in services (shops and healthcare)
167
what happened causing further decline after depopulation in some inner city areas
de centralisation - shops and businesses moving out of CBD
as many shops struggled with high rents in city centre
and moved to central locations like lewisham
new high tech industries relocated to business parks like north London business park where land is cheaper, better transport and access
168
the growth of ___has put pressure on high street shops and some firms have moved to edge of city where they can distribute to online shoppers more easily
and other shops have ____
e commerce
closed down
169
give 4 reasons for ___and __seeing economic growth
rural urban fringe
inner city
financial and business services and TNC investment
gentrification + studentification
urban sprawl
leisure and culture
170
the growth of __and __services is revitalising the CBD (as all the__and __and __companies benefit from being close to each other)
finance and business services
law
banking
insurance
171
many TNCs locate _-and __department headquarters to London - why
sales and marketing
it is an important financial centre
172
give 3 examples of TNCs based in London
HSBC
shell
Virgin Atlantic Airways
173
TNCs located in london attract further ___and cement London's identity as a __city
investment
global
174
give an example of a gentrified area
islington
175
what is gentrification
wealthy people move to rundown areas and regenerate them by improving houses and attracting some more fancy services
176
give an example of a studentified area
Camden
177
what has happened in Camden due to studentification
thriving services and entertainment= new jobs and wealth
178
where has most growth in london taken place
rural urban fringe
179
give an example of a shopping centre built on the edge of the city and why it was built there
as land is cheaper and less congestion and more parking
Bluewater
180
give examples of industrial areas developed on the outskirts of London
crossways business park by the QEII bridge
181
the availability of ___in industrial areas outside of London has done what
jobs
attracted people to live there
182
when did London host the Olympic Games
2012
183
where was the investment for the Olympic Games in London directed
east end
184
the athlete's village in the olympics has since been developed into what
a modern housing estate
185
the olympics gave new what to the east end
transport links
186
the sports stadiums for the olympics are put to ___use and host what
community
world sporting events
187
olympics has led to more people ___to the area
moving
188
give an example of a place in London that was regenerated and rebranded
docklands
189
when was docklands rebranded and regenerated
1980s-90s
190
what was docklands degenerated into
a centre for finance and business and new office space
191
give an example of a specific regenerated area in docklands
Canary Wharf
192
give 4 positive impacts of regeneration in docklands
tranport improved
environment improved
business attracted and thrive
population increased
193
give 2 examples of transport regeneration in docklands
docklands light railway and jubilee line extension
194
give an example of how quality green space has been introduced and environment improved
thames barrier park
195
give an example of a global bank in canary whar
barclays
196
give 3 negative impacts of regeneration in docklands
locals had to leave
some traditional businesses closed
existing communities broken up
197
what % of the docklands population were unskilled workers and lived in council housing and so couldn't afford the regenerated houses in docklands
36%
198
give an example of what businesses changed from and to in the docklands regeneration
pubs to artisan bakeries
199
give examples of the places communities moved to after docklands regeneration
Chigwell in Essex
200
give 3 things strategies for sustainable living need to take into acocunt
environment
economy
social well-being
201
why can cities never be properly sustainable
so population dense and need so many resources
202
give 5 things that can be changed to make urban living more sustainable
employment
recycling
green spaces
transport
housing
203
what does improving employment do
reduce poverty
improve economic sustainability
204
give an example of something that helps fair wages in London to deal with the particularly high cost of living
London living wage
205
give ab example of programs to help people progress to higher paid jobs
skills programs such as En-route to sustainable employment
206
how does recycling improve sustainable development
fewer resources are used
207
only___% of rubbish in London is recycled and this is the ___level in England
33
lowest
208
London is ___% green spaces
40
209
give an example of a large open area on the outskirts of London
Hampstead Heath
210
give 3 ways noise and air pollution can be reduced
congestion charging
self service bikes
electric buses and zero emission taxis
211
what does congestion charging do
discourages drivers from entering the city at peak times
212
give one example of a large scale sustainable housing community in London
BedZED
213
give 3 ways in which the houses in the BedZED scheme are sustainably designed
thick insulation
solar heating systems
water saving appliances
214
the houses in BedZED are built from __sourced materials to reduce carbon footprint and many properties have ____rents to make them affordable
locally
subsidised
215
how is London connected to rural areas surrounding
they rely on each other for goods and services
216
many people commute into London from surrounding rural areas to wrk - around ___% f people in the ___district work in London
40
Sevenoaks
217
___move into lodon as they want to live close tow work and have good ___facilities such as in ___
students and young professionals
entertainment
Camden
218
lodon relies on surrounding rural areas for ___ (not workers)
food
219
many ___sell food to __-and ___in the city of London
farmers
supermarkets
wholesalers
220
many ___people travel into London to do some ___due to a greater selection of ___such as __-
rural
shopping
shops
Oxford street
221
London has lots of __and __and specialist services such as _____
hospitals
private schools
great Ormond street children's hospital
222
many Londoners travel to the countryside for ___activities such as to play__and walk in country ___
leisure
golf
parks
223
give 4 benefits of the interdependence of urban and rural areas
rural businesses thrive on commuters with larger disposable incomes living in rural areas
farmers have made money from selling land, buildings
existing houses have been improved in places like Kentish oast houses which have been renovated
less pressure on housing in lonodn
224
give 3 costs of the interdependence of urban and rural areas
commuter settlements which are empty during day and shops may close due to reduced demand
new housing estates on open countryside affecting wildlife habitats
commuters drive and increase congestion and air pollution
225
give an example of a commuter settlement
Ivy Hatch
226
give an example of housing estates being built on wildlife habitats
Dunton Green
227
Sevenoaks is largely ___and in the south-___of London
rural
east
228
what process puts pressure on housing and pushes up prices in rural areas like Sevenoaks
counter urbanisation
229
give one example of how house prices have risen since 1995 in Sevenoaks due to high demand and counter urbanisation
risen by 250%
230
people retire to Sevenoaks - why?
peaceful and pleasant
231
London now has more people with ___incomes and more leisure time which increases demand for __and __services
higher
leisure
recreation - such as gold courses and riding schools on the outskirts of London
232
lower IMD score = higher/lower quality of life
higher
233
give 2 examples of area where employment deprivation is concentrated
swanley and merstham
234
give an example of loss of work for farmers due to mechanisation and technology in agriculture
kent has fewer agricultural wokers
235
what has happened to manufacturing in Kent since 1998
declined by more than 30%
236
Sevenoaks is in the ___% most deprived areas for housing affordability
30
237
ageing populations need more __and __
healthcare and special facilities
238
____in smaller commuinties are threatened by what and give an example
GP surgeries
west kingstown surgery nearly closed in 2016
239
schools in some rural communities are closing due to what and give an example
declining student numbers
no secondary school in edenbrigde now
240
many elderly people in rural areas don't have what which means
car
can't access shops or healthcare
241
young people have to do what__to access leisure facilities due to decline of rural areas due to depopulation
travel far - to school as well
242
what is rural diversification
farmers find alternative ways of making money with new businesses or other farm based activities
243
give 3 examples of rural diversification
farm shops
accommodation
leisure activities
244
give an example of a farm shop
stanhill farm in wilmington, kent
245
give 2 environmental impacts of farm shops
land can still be farmed
more varieties of crop grown
with more environmentally friendly methods than monocultures for supermarkets
246
give an example of accommodation in rural diversification
tanner farm park in kent gas turned ;and into large caravan and camping park
247
give 2 environmental impacts of rural diversification
large caravan parks can be unsightly
more pressure on environment due to visitors due to increased use of water, energy and waste generated
248
give an example of leisure activities for diversification
the Hop farm in Kent has an animal petting area, children's rides and places to eat
249
give 2 environmental impacts of leisure activities for diversifying farms
land is built on - car parks ]traffic increases = air pollution
250
tourism creates new __opportunitie sin rural areas
economic
251
give an example of tourism creating economic opportunities in rural areas
Leeds castle in kent - new facilities like maze and golf course are built over Greenfield land and increase congestion
252
