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Sociology Paper 2 > Topic 6 Beliefs: Religious Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 6 Beliefs: Religious Organisation Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 different religious organisations

A

Church
Sect
Denomination
Cult

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2
Q

What is the general description of a Church

A

Large well established religious organisation that is associated with Christianity

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3
Q

Which sociologist identified the features of a Church and Sect

A

Troeltsch

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4
Q

List 3 features of a Church

A

Claim a monopoly of the truth
Run by a bureaucratic hierarchy of professional priests
Univeralistic, aim to include all of society

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5
Q

Give a general description of sects

A

Small exclusive group

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6
Q

List 3 features of Sects

A

Believe they have a monopoly of the truth
Draw their members from the poor and oppressed
Led by a charismatic leader rather than a bureaucratic hierarchy

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7
Q

What is a Denomination

A

A sect that has cooled down

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8
Q

List 3 features of a Denomination

A

Do not claim a monopoly of the truth
Don’t appeal to the whole of society
Impose minor restrictions on its members e.g no alcohol

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9
Q

What is a Cult

A

Loosely knit group organised around common themes/interests

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10
Q

List 3 features of a Cult

A

Don’t claim monopoly of the truth
Followers are more seen as customers than members
Usually led by ‘therapists’ who claim special knowledge

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11
Q

What type of religious organisation is Heaven’s Gate an example of

A

Sect

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12
Q

Who led Heavens Gate

A

Applewhite and Nettles

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13
Q

What was Heavens Gate

A

A sect that believed the Earth was getting recycled and the only way to survive was to kill themselves so their souls would enter a spaceship

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14
Q

What are sects according to Stark and Bainbridge

A

Break away from churches usually because of disagreements about doctrine

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15
Q

What type of benefits do Stark and Bainbridge see sects as promising

A

Other worldly benefits e.g a place in heaven

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16
Q

According to Stark and Bainbridge what are cults

A

New religions or ones new to that particular society

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17
Q

According to Stark and Bainbridge what type of benefits do cults promise to its members

A

This worldly benefits e.g good health

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of Cults according to Stark and Bainbridge

A

Audience Cults
Client Cults
Cultic Movements

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19
Q

List 3 features of Audience Cults

A

Least Organised- Do not involve formal membership or much commitment
Little Interaction between its members
E.g Astrology

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20
Q

List 2 features of Client Cults

A

Based on the relationship between a consultant and a client
Promise personal fulfilment and self discovery

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21
Q

List 3 features of Cultic Movements

A

Most organised and require high level of commitment
Aims to meet all its members’ religious needs
Rarely allowed to belong to other religious groups at the same time

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22
Q

Who talks about New Religious Movements

A

Wallis

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23
Q

What are the 3 New Religious Movements that Wallis talks about

A

World Rejecting
World Accommodating
World Affirming

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24
Q

List 2 reasons why Wallis rejected Troeltsch’s views

A

Some typologies ignored the diversity of groups within them
Some religious organisations didn’t fit neatly into these categories so difficult to measure affiliation

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25
List 3 features of World Rejecting Movements
Have a clear notion of God Expect/seek radical change of the outside world Members live Communally with restricted contact with the outside world
26
List 2 examples of World Rejecting Movements
The Manson Family The People's Temple
27
List 3 features of World Accomodating movements
Often breakaways from mainstream churches or denominations Neither accept or reject the world Focus on religious rather than worldly matters
28
List 2 examples of World Accommodating Movements
Neo Pentecostalism Subud
29
List 3 features of World Affirming Movements
Non exclusive and tolerant of other religions Accept the world as it is Claim to offer special knowledge or techniques that enable followers to unlock their own spiritual powers or overcome problems
30
Name 1 example of a World Affirming Movement
Scientology
31
What is the most successful New Age Movement that Wallis has studied
World Affirming Movements
32
What type of NAM is the Manson Family
World Rejecting Movement
33
What was the Manson Family
A group led by the Charles Manson of which his members believed he was God and did everything he asked, including murder
34
Which Sociologist states that Marginality is the reason why Sects and WRM grew
Weber
35
According to Weber, what type of theodicy do sects and WRM offer to their members
Theodicy of disprivilege
36
What is the Theodicy of disprivilege
A religious explanation and justification for the poor's suffering and disadvantage
37
What do Stark and Bainbridge argue is the main reason for the growth of Sects and WRM
Relative deprivation
38
Define Relative deprivation
The subjective sense of being deprived
39
Which sociologist states that Social Change is the reason for the growth of sects and WRMs
Wilson
40
Why does Wilson state that social change is the reason for the growth of sects and WRMs
As periods of rapid change may produce uncertainty and insecurity, those most affected by this may turn to sects
41
State the 2 reasons why Sects are short lived
The Second Generation Death of a Leader
42
What type of Religious Organisation is Jim Jones- People's Temple
Sect
43
What type of NRM is Jim Jones- People's Temple
World Rejecting Movement
44
List 3 features of Jim Jones People's Temple
Attracted W/C Black Women Preached that the world would suffer from a nuclear holocaust Sole Leader was Jim Jones a charismatic influential leader
45
What are the 2 common themes that characterise the New Age
Self-Spirituality Detraditionalisation
46
Define Self-Spirituality
Turned away from traditional religions such as churches when seeking the spiritual and instead look inside themselves to find it
47
Define Detraditionalisation
Rejects traditional sources e.g priests and focuses on discovering the truths ourselves
48
Who argues that the growth of New Age movements is directly linked to the change from a modern to postmodern society
Drane
49
According to Drane why have people turned towards New Age Movements
As they've lost faith in science and churches so they instead find the truth by themselves with New Age movements
50
Why does Bruce argue that the growth of the New Age is a feature of modern, not postmodern society
As Modern society and the New Age both have a huge belief on individualism
51
Who are the 2 sociologists that argues the growth of the New Age is a feature of modern society
Bruce Heelas
52
Which group does Bruce believe that New Age appeals to most
Expressive Professions e.g Artists
53
According to Heelas what are the 4 ways that the New Age and Modernity are linked
Source of Identity Rapid Social Change Consumer Choice Decline of Organised religion
54
What are the 2 reasons why Women are more likely to be religious than men
Socialisation, Risk and Roles Paid Work
55
Who is more likely to be religious women or men
Women
56
According to Miller and Hoffman what are the 3 reasons why Women have higher levels of religiosity
Men are more likely to take the risk of going to hell by not being religious Women are socialised to be more passive and obedient which is valued by most religions Due to their role of part time or no work they more time to participate in religious activities
57
Who argues that women's religiosity results in their involvement in paid work
Bruce and Woodhead
58
What does Bruce estimate about women and men involved in sects
2x as many women are involved in sects compared to men
59
What are the 3 types of deprivation does Bruce state that women are more likely to have compared to men
Organismic deprivation Ethical Deprivation Social Deprivation
60
Define Organismic deprivation
Stems from physical and mental health problems
61
Define Ethical Deprivation
Women tend to be more morally conservative so they see the world as being in moral decline
62
Define Social Deprivation
Women are more likely to be poor and sects attract poorer groups
63
What example does Bird use to show ethnic minorities using religion as a cultural defence
Black African and Caribbean Christians would build their own churches as they weren't accepted in White Churches
64
Which sociologist did a Study of African Caribbean community in Bristol that showed cultural defence and cultural transition
Pryce
65
What happened in Pryce's study of African Caribbean community
They used Pentecostalism to help themselves adapt to British society
66
Which sociologists suggest three possible reasons for age differences in religiosity
Voas and Crockett
67
What are the 3 reasons Voas and Crockett state for age differences in religiosity
The Ageing Effect Cohort Effect Secularisation
68
What is the ageing effect in terms of religion
The belief that people become more religious as they get older
69
What is the cohort effect in terms of religion
How religious a person is depends on the period of time they were born due to external factors e.g war
70
How does secularisation explain age differences in religiosity
Due to secularisation each generation will be less religious than the one before

Sociology Paper 2 (12 decks)

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