Topic 6 Higher

Question 1

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 1

• produces variation in the offspring
• if the environment changes, variation reduces the change of extinction
• natural selection can be used due to variation in the population

Question 2

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 2

• faster
• only 1 parent needed
• requires less energy

Question 3

What are the 4 bases?

Answer 3

A, T, C, G

Question 4

What are the base pairs?

Answer 4

A and T
C and G

Question 5

what is an amino acid made of?

Answer 5

3 bases

Question 6

What are the 4 components of a nucleotide?

Answer 6

• sugar
• base
• phosphate

Question 7

What is the shape of the sugar in a nucleotide?

Answer 7

Pentagon

Question 8

What are the 2 stages to photosynthesis?

Answer 8

Transcription and translation

Question 9

What are the steps to transcription in protein synthesis

Answer 9

• the two strands of DNA are pulled apart
• the MRNA nucleotides match to their complementary base and join together in a
• the mRNA pases out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm

Question 10

Explain the steps in the translation part of protein synthesis.

Answer 10

• the mRNA attaches to a ribosome
• carrier molecules bring amino acids to the strand
• the ribosomes joins the amino acids in the correct order
• once the protein chain is complete it folds into the correct shape

Question 12

Explain the steps to genetic engineering.

Answer 12

• enzymes are used to isolate the required gene
• the gene is inserted into a vector (usually a bacterial plasmid or virus)
• the vector is used to insert the gene into the require cell
• the gene is transferred at an early stage in development so that the organism develops with the characteristic

Question 13

Explain the steps to cloning an adult cell.

Answer 13

• the nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell
• a nucleus from an adult body cell (e.g. skin cell) is inserted into the egg
• an electric shock stimulates the egg to divide to form an embryo
• the embryo cells contain the same genetic information as the adult cell
• when the embryo has developed it is inserted into a uterus

Question 14

Explain the steps to evolution.

Answer 14

• there is variation in the population due to mutations
• there are characteristics that are better suited to the environment
• those with the characteristic are more likely to survive
• therefore they are more likely to pass on that characteristic to their offspring
• this repeats across millions of years

Question 15

What is archea

Answer 15

Primitive bacteria usually living in extreme environments