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Chemistry > Topic 8 > Flashcards

Topic 8 Flashcards

1
Q

hydrocarbons

A

compounds that contain only H2 and C

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2
Q

fossil fuels

A

fossilised remains of deceased plants or animals formed over millions of years

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3
Q

crude oil

A

non renewable recource
mixture of a larger number of compounds
mixture of hydrocarbons and isnt useful until seperated

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4
Q

how crude oil is made

A

sea animals/ plants die and fall teh the sea bed
layers of sand and mud form on top but plants/animals dont decay
pressures and high temperetures cause them to turn into crude oil
this proccess takes millions of years

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5
Q

hydrocarbons can be arranged in chains and rings

A

each carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds
each carbon atom can be arranged in different ways

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6
Q

crude oil uses

A

vehicles
aircraft
ships
heating
power stations

feedstock or raw materials for the petrochemical industry

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7
Q

fractional distillation

A

A - water is evaporating as it has a lower boiling point then ink so it turns to water vapour
B - the water condenses back into liquid because it cools

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8
Q

as boiling point increases

A

it becomes darker
longer hydrocarbon

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9
Q

hot oil is fractioned…

A

near the bottom

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10
Q

at the top of the column

A

lower boiling point…
-hydrocarbon chain lengh is shorter
- size of molecules are smaller
- so fprces between the molecules are weaker
- less energy needed
-there are less intermolecular forces of attraction

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11
Q

bottom of the column

A

higher boiling point
- hydrocarbon chains are longer
- size of molecules are bigger
- there are more intermolecular forces of attraction

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12
Q

how is crude oil fractioned

A

-crude oil is heated to make a vapour
- vapour rises up the column
- the column is notter at the bottom and cooler at the top
- hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures, depending on their boiling points

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12
Q

fractional distillation steps

A

-crude oil is heated to make a vapour
- vapour rises up the column
- the column is notter at the bottom and cooler at the top
- hydrocarbons condense at different temperatures, depending on their boiling points

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13
Q

fractional distillation of crude oil

A

petrol - 25-60
naphtha - 60-180
kerosene - 180-220
diesel - 220-250
fuel oil - 250- 300
lubricating oil - 300-350
bitumen more more than 350

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14
Q

viscosity

A

high - thick
low- runny

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15
Q

volatility

A

measure of how easily liquid turns into vapour
e.g. nail polish has a high volitality

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16
Q

flammable

A

easily ignites

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17
Q

longer chains mean

A

more viscos
less flammable
less volatile
high boiling point

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18
Q

what’s a homologous series

A
  • differ by CH2
  • same chemical properties but differ in physical properties e.g. gradual variation in boiling/ melting point
  • general formula Cn H2n+2
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19
Q

neumonic

A

Monkeys eat peanut butter

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20
Q

complete combustion

A
  • burning
  • exothermic reaction and oxidation
  • heat energy exits/ is released
  • petrol methane cooking gas are examples of fuels
  • burns in abundance of oxygen ( complete combustion)
  • co2 and h20 produced
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21
Q

In combustion…

A

hydrogen in the hydrocarbon fuel is oxidised and forms water ad the carbon is oxidised to form CO2

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22
Q

test for water

A

blue cobalt paper turns pink

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23
Q

carbon monoxide

A

colourless odourless tasteless

24
incomplete combustion
- insignificant amount of oxygen but it still undergoes an incomplete reaction
25
incomplete combustion of methane
carbon, water vapour and CO2 2ch4 -> 302+ 2CO + 4H20
26
effects of combustion
water vapour, CO2, carbon monoxide
27
why is carbon monoxide toxic?
-colourless, tasteless, odourless gas -It is absorbed in the lungs and binds with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells. This reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen. Carbon monoxide causes drowsiness, and affected people may fall unconscious or even die.
28
incomplete combustion ( lmited supply of o2) caused by
- blocked burner jets - poor maintenance
29
soot
can make buildings dirty
30
carbon particles in the air
can cause respiratory problems for people: - breathing issues - inhaling aggravated asthma - bronchitis - severe respiratory illness that can restrict ability to carry out normal activites
31
why is cracking necessary
produces smaller chains of alkenes that are used for fuel e.g. petrol more useful greater demand most alkenes produced are used to make plastics thermal decomposition - cracking high temps ≈ 750 high pressure ≈ 76
32
man made changes in the atmosphere
- agriculture - rice paddies / cow farts - burning fossil fuels - deforestation
33
natural process that contribute of changes in the climate
- volcanic eruptions - solar output - orbital theory
34
atmosphere pollutants
- H20 (g) - carbon monoxide - carbon dioxide - nitrogen dioxide - nitrogen monoxide - sulfur dioxide
35
SO2
sulfur dioxide acid rain
36
CO
carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin and blocks oxygen
37
CO2
greenhouse gas
38
NO
nitrogen monoxide irritation of respiratory system/ make existing respiratory problems worse
39
NO2
nitrogen dioxide - acid rain - respiratory problems
40
particulates
eye iritation, respiration problems, global dimming
41
water vapour
greenhouse gas
42
effect of acid rain
chemical weathering - erodes limestone and marble buildings makes river + soil acidic - harms organisms e.g. fish damages trees - destroys the chlorophll so plants cant photosyntehestise
43
car engine
extremely hot temperatures high enough for nitrogen from the air to react with the oxygen producing nitrogen oxides
44
production of sulfur dioxide
most fuels are hydrocarbons lots of impurities are also present often sulfur reacts with oxygen in the air to produce sulfur dioxide S + O2 -> 2NO
45
early atmosphere
temp 400 or higher 95% CO2 4% water vapour traces of nitrogen, ammonia and methane
46
current atmosphere
temp 20 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen traces of CO2, H2o g, ammonia, methane
47
how life started
1 earth is a ball of molten rock. no atmosphere is present 2 earth is still too hot for any surface water its surface is covered with volcanoes 3 earth starts to cool down water vapour begins to condense and oceans are formed 4 life begins in the oceans. Simple cyanobacteria use co2 in photosynthesise. Ozone forms and oxygen levels start to rise 5 land plants start to appear. oxygen levels rise rapidly 6 animals evolve due to the increase in oxygen
48
what effect does atmosphere have on temperature on earth
insulates heat increasing temp
49
which ghgs keep the earth warm
co2, h2o (g) , ch4
50
the greenhouse effect
1. short wavelength from the sun passes throrogh the atmosphere and warms earth 2. increasing the levels of co2 increase the amount of heat retained causing the atmosphere and the surace to warm 3. Infared (long wavelength) radiation is emitted by the earth and most escapes into space but the same infared radiation is absorbed gases such as co2 and h20 and ch4 and this is released back to the earth keeping radiate the earth warm enough to sustain life
51
incomplete reaction
carbon , wate and carbon monoxide
52
co2 dissolvinf in sea
decreases co2
53
how is SO2 formed
sulfur burns at the same time as the hydrocarbon sulfur reacts with oxygen sulfur dioxide gas which is acidic and dissolves into clouds
54
Explain how the greenhouse effect is caused by the gases produced by the complete combustion of diesel oil.
CO2 and H20 g produced which are radiated from earth and re absorbed back into the atmosphere
55
Explain how the student could modify the equipment to prove that water is produced by burning candle wax.
reverse tubes so that gas must have come from the candle not the limewater
55
Explain why the incomplete combustion of pentadecane can produce carbon monoxide as one of the products.
not enough oxygen to turn all the carbon into co2
56
why wait cool oxygen tank
the gas has expanded when it is hot

Chemistry (9 decks)

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