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Chemistry > Topic 4 / 5 > Flashcards

Topic 4 / 5 Flashcards

1
Q

reactivity series mnemonic

A

please stop calling me a careless zebra instead try learning how copper saves gold

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2
Q

reactivity series

A

potassium sodium calcium magnesium aluminium carbon zinc iron tin lead hydrogen copper silver gold

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3
Q

more reactive metals

A

have a greater tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions

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4
Q

silver gold and platinum

A

found underground as uncombines metals as they are unreactive so don’t chemically join with any element to form a compound

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5
Q

phytoextraction

A

+ metals can be extracted from contaminated soils
- weather dependant
- requires high temperatures (burning)
- more expensive than mining ores

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6
Q

BIOLEACHING

A

+ doesn’t require high temperatures
- releases harmful gases like sulfur dioxide which damages the environment

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7
Q

both p and b

A
  • very slow process
    + preserves supplies of higher grade ores
    + less damage to environment
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8
Q

rusting is a _________ reaction

A

oxidation reaction

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9
Q

redox reactions

A

oxidation and reduction happen simultaneously
e.g. displacement reactions

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10
Q

extracted by heating with carbon

A

metals less reactive tha corbon

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11
Q

extracted by electrolysis

A

above carbon

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12
Q

making copper

A
  1. place copper oxide and carbon powder into a crucible
  2. put thin layer of carbon powder to ensure all the copper oxide reacts
  3. place the lid
  4. heat crucible strongly
  5. solid copper produced
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13
Q

cryolite

A

an aluminium cmpound with a much lower melting point than aluminium oxide so using this reduces the cost of extracting

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14
Q

economic advangates of recycling

A

less energy needed so lower lost than mining

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15
Q

enviromental advantages

A

natural reserves of metal ores will last longer
produces less pollution
less metls end up in landfill
doesn’t ruin habitats
less noise and dust

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16
Q

advantages of recycling

A
  • cheaper because no need to pay for electricity
  • less air pollution eg sulfr dioxide
  • doesn’t ruin teh environment habitats
  • requires less energy than extracting eb electricity is needed to extract aluminium
  • landfill sites don’t get full
  • reduces need to mine ores so don’t run out
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17
Q

transition metals

A

high melting and boiling point
high density - metal cations are densely packed together
conducts heat
conducts heat
malleable
ductile
colourful
can act as catalysts in different reactions

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18
Q

copper

A

blue

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19
Q

nickel

A

green

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20
Q

cobalt

A

pink

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21
Q

iron

A

yellow

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22
Q

harbour process to make ammonia

A

iron catalyst

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23
Q

catalytic converter in cars

A

platinum converter

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24
Q

rust…

A

a metal oxide layer that forms on the outside of the metal
we can prevent rusting by
- excluding oxygen
- excluding water
- sacrificial protection (galvanising)
- electroplating

25
sacrificail protection
a method that doesn't rely on excluding oxygen or water instead, a piece of zinc or magnesium is attached to the iron or steel will oxideise more easily so reacts with them instead of the iron/ steel object this protection continues until the sacrificial method corrodes away
26
electroplating
coating a metal with another metal for protective or aesthetic reasons uses electrolysis to transfer the metal atoms onto the surface of teh other metal
27
why are some objects electroplated
- aesthetics e.g. shiny - to prevent corrosion as it wont react with oxygen or water
28
silver ring
silver atoms lose electrons and become silver ions silver ions go into electrolyte and move to negiv=tavely charged copper ring silver ions gain electrons and left as silver atoms
29
alloy
a mixture of one or more metal element, mostly metal irregular arrangement in layers so less malleable and atoms arent able to easily slide over each other
30
pure metals
regular layers of metal ions, layers can easily slide over each other
31
cartas
mass of pure gold/ 24 parts of the alloy
32
alloy proteries
- decreases malleability - increases hardness - increases corrosion resistance
33
wedding ring
platinum used which is expensive and unreactive will stay shiny
34
concentration in g dm-3
mass of solte / volume of solution
35
concentration in mols
concentration g dm-3 / ram
36
titration accuracy
- use an indicator so we see the end point of teh reaction by a colour change - glass pipette to maintain an accurate volume - read from bottom of miniskus - use a white tile to more easily see the colour change - add solution drop by drop near the end point to identify exactly when teh colour changes - make sure there are no bubbles in teh burrito / pipette - consistintky SWIRL teh flask to ensure mixing of alkali and acid - wash pipette to avoid contamination
37
chemical and fuel cells
- two different metals can undergo a redox reaction if they are in contact with salt solution of therir own metal - greater different in reactivity between teh two metal teh higher the voltage produced - the curicit must be completed with a salt bridge which allows ions to flow from one half of the cell to the other chemical cells
38
the daniel cells
39
alkaline batteries
non rechange
40
what happens when one of the reactants run out batteries
modern batteries contain solution mixed with a powder to form a paste we call the call these dry cells
41
hydrogen fuel vs petrol
+ only water product is H2O non-pollution + 40-60% efficient + requires less maintenance + oxygen readily available + doesn't produce CO2 - expensive to make - slightly flammable so have to be stored carefully - few rechargeable stations - hydrogen not easily purchased - heavy and costly to transport
42
petrol/ disel
+ easier to store, many filling stations - noisy in use, CO2 waste product, many moving parts
43
iron + water + oxygen
hydrated iron oxide
44
Explain why iron rod rather than stainless steel rod is used in this experiment.
they would take too long to corrode as stainless steel is more resistant to corrosion, doesn't react with water/ oxygen
45
actual yield
yeild made in a reaction
46
theoretical yeild
maximum yield calculated using the balanced equation with no losses
47
State two reasons why the actual yield of a reaction is usually less than the theoretical yield
- side reactions - some reactants remained unreacted
48
Adding catalyst
rate of attainment increases yeild attained stays the same
49
Explain what effect a pressure higher than 200 atmospheres would have on the rate of attainment of equilibrium and on the equilibrium yield of ammonia.
- equilibrium shifts to the right - rate of attainment is quicker - yeild increases - moves to fewer molecules
50
Stage 1 takes in heat energy, it is endothermic. Explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the yield of the products of stage 1.
equilibrium shifts to the right higher yeild
51
The overall equation for the process is 0.40 g of methane were fully reacted with steam to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen in dm3 , measured at room temperature and pressure, that could be made in this reaction. (relative formula mass: CH4 = 16, 1 mol of any gas at room temperature and pressure occupies 24 dm3 )
2.4
52
Explain what is meant by a dynamic equilibrium
rate of foward and backward reactions is the same with no overall change (no chnage in volume)
53
increasing concentartion
equilibrium reached faster
54
When there are alternative methods of producing a product, the final pathway is chosen by considering atom economy, cost of energy, yield of product and rates of reactions. State another factor that should also be considered.
equilibrium position/usefulness of by-products
55
What is the source of the hydrogen used in the Haber process?
natural gas
56
Explain why the amount of ammonia remains constant.
forward and back reactions take place / reversible / dynamic (1) at the same rate / equilibrium (1)
57
The voltage of a cell is 1.5 V. Give a reason why this voltage of the cell decreases when the cell is left connected in a circuit.
reactants are used up
58
Give one advantage of using a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, rather than using a chemical cell, to power a vehicle.
constant voltage as long as reactants provided
59
Explain what is meant by a dynamic equilibrium.Explain what is meant by a dynamic equilibrium.

Chemistry (9 decks)

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