TOPIC 8 - MYCOLOGY Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
What do you call the study of fungi?
A
Mycology
2
Q
Out of 100,000 species of fungi, only about ___ are pathogenic to humans and animals.
A
200
3
Q
Fungi are chemoautotrophs. True or False?
A
False, chemoheterotrophs
4
Q
Fungi acquire food by?
A
Absorption
5
Q
Fungi are multicellular except for ?
A
Yeasts
6
Q
What are the mode of reproductions of fungi?
A
Sexual and asexual spores
7
Q
Fungi is eukaryotic. True or False?
A
True
8
Q
Fungi can undergo photosynthesis. True or False?
A
False
9
Q
In general, what are the enzymes produce by fungi?
A
Exoenzymes
10
Q
What does it mean if fungi is mutualistic?
A
It has obligatory association with other microorganisms.
11
Q
Mutualistic fungi is pathogenic. True or False?
A
False, non-pathogenic
12
Q
What does it mean if fungi is saprophytic?
A
It decomposes organic matter which causes opportunistic infections in animals.
13
Q
Fungi can be parasitic. True or False?
A
True
14
Q
Overgrowth of yeasts can cause ?
A
Localized lesions
15
Q
Fungi can not tolerate high osmotic pressure. True or False?
A
False
16
Q
Fungi can thrive in acidic environment as low as ?
A
pH 5.0
17
Q
What is the optimum pH of fungi?
A
pH 6.0
18
Q
With regards to oxygen requirement, fungi is classified into? (Hint: 3 answers)
A
Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, few anaerobic
19
Q
What is the optimum temperature for growth of fungi?
A
20 - 30 C
20
Q
Pathogenic fungi causing systemic mycoses can tolerate what temperature?
A
37 C
21
Q
Fungi are comparatively fast-growing on lab media. True or False?
A
False, slow-growing
22
Q
Sterols are present in fungi. True or False?
A
True
23
Q
What are the 3 major components of cell wall of fungi?
A
Glucans, mannans, chitin
24
Q
Metabolism in fungi is limited to? (Hint: 3 answers)
A
Heterotrophic, aerobic, facultative anaerobic
25
These are multicellular and has two distinct phases called vegetative and reproductive phases.
Molds
26
Molds can grow as branching filaments called ?
Hyphae
27
These are unicellular and has two distinct phases called vegetative and reproductive phases, has oval or spherical appearance.
Yeast
28
A mass of threadlike filament in fungi.
Hyphae
29
Hyphae combines to make up the fungal ?
Mycelium
30
In most molds, the hyphae contain cross-walls called ?
Septa
31
In few class of fungi, the hyphae contain no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with many nuclei. What do you call this?
Coenocytic hyphae
32
In hyphal cell wall, the predominant sterol present is ?
Ergosterol
33
In the hyphal cell of wall yeast, it contains protein complexed with polysaccharides. True or False?
True
34
Hyphal cell is mainly composed of carbohydrate components including ____ micromolecules with ____ cross-linkages.
chitin cellulose
35
Portion of hypha that obtains nutrients.
Vegetative hypha
36
Portion of hypha concerned with reproduction and projects above the surface of the medium on which the fungus is growing.
Aerial hypha
37
Between vegetative and aerial hypha, which can perform reproduction?
Aerial/reproductive hypha
38
Yeast is filamentous. True or False?
False, non-filamentous.
39
What is the main mode of reproduction of yeasts?
Budding
40
Some yeasts produce buds that fail to detach themselves. These buds form a short chain of cells called?
Pseudohypha
41
Yeasts are capable of facultative anaerobic growth. True or False?
True
42
In yeasts, if oxygen is present, yeasts perform ____ ____ to metabolize carbohydrates into _____ and _____.
aerobic respiration, CO2 and H2O.
43
In yeasts, if oxygen is absent, they ____ carbohydrates and produce ____ and ____.
ferment, ethanol and CO2.
44
What are the species that produce ethanol in brewed beverages and carbon dioxide for leavening bread dough?
Saccharomyces
45
What do you call the species of fungi can exhibit two forms?
Dimorphic fungi
46
What are two forms of dimorphic fungi?
Moldlike form and yeastlike form
47
In moldlike form of dimorphic fungi, they reproduce by budding. True or False?
False, yeastlike form.
48
Fungi dimorphism is temperature dependent. At what temperature is the fungus is yeastlike?
37 C
49
Fungi dimorphism is temperature dependent. At what temperature is the fungus is moldlike?
25 C
50
In growth of hypha, when a fragment breaks off, it can just elongate to form a new hypha. True or False?
True
51
In some species, mature elements at the center of colonies of molds can produce aerial hyphae. True or False?
True
52
What are the species of molds that can produce aerial hyphae?
Conidia and sporangiospores
53
Sporangiospores are formed only by fungi in what phylum ?
Zygomycota
54
In dermatophytes, multicellular structures called ____ are produced.
Microconidia
55
_____ are formed from the disintegration of hyphae within keratinized structures.
Arthroconidia
56
Asexual division in yeasts is called?
Budding
57
What are three main phyla of fungi?
1. Ascomycota
2. Basidiomycota
3. Zygomycota
58
All the three phyla of fungi are teleomorphs. True or False?
True (teleomorph - produce both sexual and asexual forms)
59
Aside from the three 3 main phyla, there is another that has veterinary importance. What is this phyla?
Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycetes)
60
What is the mold that is usually present in bread and can also rapidly propagates on the surface of fruits and vegetables?
Rhizopus stolonifer
61
Zygomycota fungi is also called as ?
Conjugation fungi
62
Zygomycota has septate hyphae or coenocytic hyphae?
Coenocytic hyphae
63
These are the asexual spores of Zygomycota.
Sporangiospores
64
These are the sexual spores of Zygomycota.
Zygospores
65
These are sac fungi.
Ascomycetes
66
Most ascomycetes has coenocytic hyphae. True or False?
False, septate hyphae.
67
Unicellular yeast under ascomycetes can form ____ instead of septate hyphae.
Pseudomycelium
68
The septa present in the hyphae of ascomycetes possesses central pores called?
Septal pores
69
In ascomycetes, spores are produced in?
Asci
70
In ascomycetes, fertilization occurs in 2 steps. What are those?
1. Plasmogamy
2. Karyogamy
71
These are club fungi.
Basidiomycetes
72
Between the 3 phyla of fungi, which is most advanced and most commonly seen?
Basidiomycetes
73
Basidiomycetes reproduce asexually by?
Basidium
74
Between the 3 phyla of fungi, which is the most common decomposer of wood?
Basidiomycetes
75
Basidiomycetes decompose what ? (Hint: 2 answers)
Cellulose and lignin
76
Also known as fungi imperfecti
Deuteromycetes
77
What is the artificial class of fungi?
Deuteromycetes
78
Deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores. True or False?
True
79
Filamentous fungi can reproduce asexually by ?
Fragmentation of their hyphae
80
In fungi, reproduction by spore formation is through sexual only. True or False?
False, sexual or asexual.
81
Different types of asexual spores: Motile spores; presence of flagella which help in swimming.
Zoospores
82
Different types of asexual spores: Single cells spores formed within sacs formed at the end of a special hypha.
Sporangiospores
83
Sporangiospores are motile and dispersed through air. True or False?
False, non-motile.
84
Sporangiospores are formed within sacs called _____. These sacs are formed at the end of a special hypha called _____.
sporangium, sporangiophore
85
Different types of asexual spores: Thich-walled which contain storage products.
Chlamydospores
86
Different types of asexual spores: Single cell spores formed from cells of the vegetative hyphae by accumulation of protoplast and secretion of thick wall.
Chlamydospores
87
Different types of asexual spores: Small or large, single cell spores formed at the tips or sides of a fungal hyphae that are produced through budding.
Blastoconidia
88
Give an example of a fungal having blastoconidia spores.
Candida albicans
89
Different types of asexual spores: Formed under adverse conditions and are individual cells separated from hyphae; small yeast-like.
Oidia
90
Different types of asexual spores: Small or large, single cell spores formed at the tips or sides of a fungal hyphae.
Conidia
91
Conidia is present in what fungal hyphae?
Conidiophores
92
Give 2 examples of fungi having conidia spores.
Penicillin and aspergillus
93
Different types of asexual spores: Spores which are formed and subsequently release during the process of hyphal fragmentation.
Arthroconidia
94
Arthroconidia spores may be formed successfully as in _____ or with intervening empty cells as in _____ _____.
dermatophytes, Coccidioides immitis
95
Different types of asexual spores: Large and small multi-celled conidia which are produced by dermatophytes in culture.
Macroconidia and microconidia
96
Macroconidia has mitochondria while microconidia doesn't have. True or False?
False, both lack mitochondria
97
Give the 4 methods of asexual reproduction of fungi.
1. Budding
2. Single fission
3. Fragmentation
4. Spore formation
98
Sexual reproduction of fungi involves fusion of compatible nuclei from 2 parent cells. True or False?
True
99
What are the 3 phases of fungal sexual reproduction?
1. Plasmogamy
2. Karyogamy
3. Meiosis
100
Phase of fungal sexual reproduction where fusion of protoplasm occurs.
Plasmogamy
101
Phase of fungal sexual reproduction where fusion of nucleus occurs.
Karyogamy
102
Phase of fungal sexual reproduction where reductional nuclear division occurs.
Meiosis
103
It is the phase of fungal sexual reproduction where anastomosis of two cells or gametes and fusion of their protoplasts takes place.
Plasmogamy
104
In the process of plasmogamy, the two ____ nuclei of opposite sexes are together but the nuclei will not fuse.
Haploid
105
What are the various methods by which compatible fungal nuclei are brought together in plasmogamy?
1. Gametic copulation/Planogametic copulation or conjugation
2. Gamete-gametangial copulation/Gametangial contact
3. Gametangial copulation
4. Somatic copulation
5. Spermatization
106
Motile gametes of fungis are called ?
Planogametes
107
Type of sexual reproduction: The fusion of two gametes, one or both of which are motile is called ?
Planogametic copulat
ion
108
What are the 3 different types of planogametic copulation?
1. Isogamy
2. Anisogamy
3. Heterogamy
109
Type of planogametic copulation: Morphologically similar but compatible type of gametes unite to form a motile zygote.
Isogamy
110
Type of planogametic copulation: Union of one larger gamete with another smaller gamete.
Anisogamy
111
Both isogamy and anisogamy copulation form a motile zygote. True or False?
True
112
The zygote resulting from isogamous or anisogamous planogametic copulation forms what?
Resting sporangium
113
Give an example of a fungal specie that copulate through anisogamy.
Blastocladiales
114
Type of planogametic copulation: A non-motile female gamete is fertilized by a motile male gamete.
Heterogamy/Oogamy
115
Other term for non-motile female gamete in fungis
Oosphere
116
A non-motile female gamete is fertilized by a motile male gamete. This results in the formation of ____, a resistant structure and resting spore.
Oospores
117
Oospores germinate and produce mycelium indirectly. True or False?
False, directly.
118
Give an example of a fungal specie that copulate through heterogamy.
Chytridiomycetes
119
Type of sexual reproduction: In this method, the male and female gamete come in contact tand ne or more nuclei from the male gamete enter the female gamete.
Gametangial contact
120
In gametangial contact, once the male gamete releases its nuclei, the oogonium dissolves in the intervening wall through a pore or through a _____.
Fertilization tube
121
Gametangial contact: In no case the gametangia actually fuse or lose their identity during the sexual act. True or False?
True
122
Type of sexual reproduction: This is a process of fusion of entire contents of the two mating gametangia.
Gametangial copulation
123
What are the two types of gametangial copulation ?
1. Anisogametangial copulation
2. Isogamous copulation
124
Type of gametangial copulation where fusion between unequal gametangia occurs.
Anisogametangial copulation
125
In anisogametangial copulation, the zygote forms ?
Resting sporangium
126
Give an example of fungal specie that performs anisogametangial copulation.
Chytridiomycetes (aquatic fungi)
127
Type of gametangial copulation where two morphologically similar gametangial hyphae come in contact, the wall at the point of contact dissolves and the contents mix in the cell thus formed.
Isogamous copulation
128
Isogamous copulation results in the formation of ?
Zygospore
129
Some fungi like rusts bear numerous minute, non-motile uninucleate, male cells called ?
Spermatia
130
Spermatia are produced in spiral receptacles called ?
Spermagonia
131
Type of sexual reproduction: A pore develops at the point of contact and the contents of spermatium pass into the particular respective hyphae.
Spermatization
132
It is a special receptive hypha where spermatia attaches.
Trichogyne
133
Type of sexual reproduction: No sex organs are produced and somatic cells function as gametes.
Somatogamy
134
Somatogamy is common in what species of fungi?
Ascomycota and basidiomycota
135
Types of sexual spores: Non-meiotic spores produce inside special sacs called asci.
Ascospores
136
Ascospores are produced by members of what fungal family?
Ascomycota
137
Types of sexual spores: Non-motile meiospore formed on short outgrowths of club-shaped structures called basidium.
Basidiospores
138
Types of sexual spores: Large, thick-walled spores formed at the tips of 2 sexually compatible hyphae.
Zygospore
139
Zygospores are produced by members of what fungal family?
Zygomycota
140
Types of sexual spores: Spores formed within a specialized female structure (oogonium) after fertilization of eggs by male gametes formed in an antheridium.
Oospores
