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MICROBIOLOGY LEC > TOPIC 1 + TOPIC 2 > Flashcards

TOPIC 1 + TOPIC 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

A theory that states that a disease is attributed to the wrath of divine spirits for the punishment of individual sins; supernatural inflictions of disease.

A

Theurgical Theory of Disease

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2
Q

This theory states that all disease was due to the emanations from the earth, the influence of the starts, the moon, the winds, the waters, and the seasons.

A

Miasmatic Theory of Disease

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3
Q

This theory states that there is relationship of disease with different waters, changes in temperture, moisture and the direction of wind.

A

Miasmatic Theory of Disease

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4
Q

This theory states that the imbalance of the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth) and the four qualities (heat, cold, moisture, and dryness) corresponded to the four fluids or humors of the body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile).

A

Miasmatic Theory of Disease

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5
Q

This theory states that a disease is caused by infections of pathogenic microorganisms. Pasteur and Koch are the main contributors of this theory.

A

Germ Theory

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6
Q

This theory was derived from observtion n epidemics such as plague, syphilis, and typhus in man. It also sttes that a disease was attributed to contagion by contact, by fomite and at a distance.

A

Contagion Theory (Fracastoro)

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7
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates?

A
  • The pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  • The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
  • The cultured pathogen must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible experimental host
  • THe same pathogen must be isolated from the diseased experimental host
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8
Q

What are the 5 Kingdom Classification System?

A
  1. Animalia (Vertebrates and invertebrates)
  2. Plantae
  3. Protista
  4. Monera (Bacteria)
  5. Fungi
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9
Q

What are the 10 characeristics of living organisms?

A
  1. The ability to reproduce and transmit characteristics to its offspring.
  2. The capacity to grow
  3. Adaptation to environment change
  4. Response to stimulant
  5. Definite body organization
  6. Definite chemical composition
  7. Capable of moving
  8. Life span and development
  9. Life cycle
  10. Constant energy requriement
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10
Q

The response towards a stimulus

A

Tropism

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11
Q

The response to light

A

Phototropism

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12
Q

Terms: Use of bacteria on various industry

A

Biotechnology

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13
Q

Terms: The use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced microorganisms or other form of life to consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site (use of bacteria on toxic wastes).

A

Bioremediation

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13
Q

What percentage of microorganisms is beneficial?

A

87%

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14
Q

Terms: Diverse collection of microorganisms in the ocean or large bodies of water

A

Planktons

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14
Q

Terms: A type of heterotrophic plankton that range from microscopic organisms to large species, such a jellyfish

A

Zooplanktons

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15
Q

Terms: Microscopic plants that live in the ocean

A

Phytoplanktons

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15
Q

What percentage of microorganisms is opportunistic?

A

10%

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16
Q

What percentage of microorganisms is harmful?

A

3%

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17
Q

Normal indigenous ___ or ___ are present in the skin, intestinal tract, and mouth.

A

Microflora, microbiota

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18
Q

The system of scientifically naming organisms developed by Carl Linnaeus.

A

Binomial Classification

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19
Q

Epithets describes the ___.

A

Species

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19
Q

Binomial nomeclature consists two names. These are ?

A

Descriptors and epithets

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20
Q

Descriptors describes the ___.

A

Genus

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21
It is one of the basic systems of classification comprising animalia, plantar, monera, fungi, and protista.
5 Kingdom System
22
What are the 3 domains in the domain system?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
23
The length of bacteria varies from?
2 um to 8 um
24
The diameter of bacteria ranges from?
0.2 to 2.0 um
25
A coating that covers the outside of prokaryotic cells that provide a protective coat
Glycocalyx
25
General term ued for substances that surround the cells
Glycocalyx
26
Bacterial glycocalyx is composed of?
Polysaccharide and polypeptide
27
Thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell and is consists primarily of phospholipids.
Plasma membrane
27
___ are important in contributing to bacterial virulence.
Capsules
27
The site of action of penicillin in a bacteria is at?
Cell wall
27
A bacteria that has a capsule of D-glutamic acid.
Bacillus anthracis
28
Prevents the bacterial cells from rupturing, helps maintain the shape of the cell, point of anchorage for flagella, contributes to the ability of some species to cause disease.
Cell wall
29
Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria.
Flagella
30
It is a filament that sticks to the body of bacteria capable of motility.
Axial Filaments
30
Bacteria that lack flagella
Atrichous
31
The flagellar protein useful for distinguishing among serovars or variations.
H-antigens
32
Causative agent of syphilis
Treponema pallidum
33
Causative agent of Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
33
It is a hair-like appendages that can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell. (Specific function is not included in the PPT)
Fimbriae
34
Usually longer than fimbriae and is singular or can be up to two per cell. Also involved in motility and DNA transfer.
Pili
35
Transfer of DNA from one cell to another is also known as ?
Conjugation
36
It contains the bacterial chromosome.
Nucleoid
36
Bacterial chromosomes are not surrrounded by nuclear envelope and has histones. True or False?
False, no histones
37
Refers to the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane.
Cytoplasm
38
3 major sructurers in bacterial cytoplasm
1. Nucleoid 2. Ribosomes 3. Inclusions
39
Bacteria often contain small usually circular,double stranded DNA molecules called ___.
Plasmids
39
Endosporers are not a means of reproduction. True or False?
True
39
Plasmids are connected to the main bacterial chromosome. True or False?
False
39
It is where protein synthesis takes place.
Ribosomes
40
What is the size of prokaryotic ribosomes?
70S
40
Several kinds of reserve deposits in the cytoplasm.
Inclusion
40
What is the size of the subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes?
30S - 50S
40
Specialized "resting" cells formed by gram-positive bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted.
Endospores
41
A large amount of an organic acid contained in endospore; protects the endospore DNA against damage.
Dipicolinic acid
42
Process in which an endospore returns to its vegetative state.
Germination
43
Most vegetative cells can be killed with temp above ___.
70 C
44
Endospores are thermophilic. True or False?
True
45
Spherical bacteria in groups of 8 in cubical pockets (octads)
Sarcinae
46
Round bacteria in pairs; remain in pairs after dividing
Diplococci
47
Spherical bacteria in chains
Streptococci
48
Cocci-shaped bacteria that divides in 2 planes and remain in groups of 4.
Tetrads
49
In-paired bacilli
Diplobacilli
50
Bacterial rods in chain
Streptobacilli
50
Short rods bacteria
Coccobacilli
51
Salmonella typhosa is what shape of bacteria?
Bacilli with rounded ends
52
Bacillus antharacis is what shape of bacteria?
Bacilli with square ends
52
C. diphtheria is what shape of bacteria?
Club-shape bacilli
53
Type of bacilli that usually do no separate and tend to form "long threads"
Filamentous bacilli
54
Shape of bacteria that is a curved rod because of its incomple twist.
Vibroid/comma-shape
54
Loosely-curved bacteria, have helical shape like a cork-screw and fairly rigid bodies wth flagella
Spirilla
55
Tightly coiled bacteria, flexible with axial filaments
Spirochetes
55
Star-shaped bacteria
Genus Stella
56
Flat rectangular shape bacteria
Halophilic Archaea
57
Bacteria that maintian a single shape
Monomorphic
58
Bacteria that have many shapes
Pleomorphic
59
Give 2 examples of pleomorphic bacteria.
Rhizobium and corynebacterium

MICROBIOLOGY LEC (5 decks)

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