Topic 9: Endocrine System Flashcards by Tamanna Melwani

What are the major endocrine glands in cats

Pituitary gland
Tyroid hormone
Parathoyroid gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Adrenal glands

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What are the mechanism controlling hormone secretion

Nerve Impulses
Srimularing or release hormone
Level of certain chemicals in the blood
Negative feed system

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Explain how nerve impulses control hormone secretion and example

Eg adrenaline released from adrenal gland in response to nerve impulses fro, sympathetic nervous system (nerve impulses from sympthayelic system cause release of adrenaline from adrenal gland)

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Explain how stimulating or releasing hormone control release of hormone example

Secretion of thyroid hormone is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone from pituitary hormone

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How does levels of certain chemicals control hormone secretions eg

Raised blood glucose level stimulate the release of insulin from pancreas

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How does negative feedback system control hormone secretion example

This mechanism prevent over secretion
Eg. estrogen from ovaries prevents the further secretion of follicle stimulating from pituitary gland

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What are the two different glands in the pituitary gland and their function

Anterior pituitary glands: produce hormones (rostral)
Posterior pituitary gland: sotors and release hormones produced in the hypothalamus (caudal)

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What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland

-growth hormone
- -prolactin
Follicle stimulations hormone
Luteinizintg hormone
Interstitial cell stimulating hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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What is the function of growth hormones

Promote body growth in young animals
Helps regulate the metabolism of protein, carbohydrates and lipids

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What is the function of prolactin

helps to trigger and maintain.Lactation (secretion of milk by mammary glands)
Prolactin production and release continues as long as nipple continues to be stimulated by nursing or milking
When prolactin stimulates stops, milk production stops and mammary gland shrinks to its non-lactating size

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What is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone

Stimulates the developememt of thyroid gland and it’s production of thyroid hormone

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What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone

Stimulate the growth and developement of adrenal gland and its release of its hormones In times of sudden stress, ACTH can also be released very quickly as a result of stimulation of the hormones

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Function of follicle stimulating hormone

Stimulates growth and developement of ovarian follicles
Stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen
In males, FSH acts on tubules of testis to aid in sperm production.

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Function of luteinising hormone

Secretion is stimulates in the presence of oestrogen in the blood
LH stimulates the ripe follicles to rupture and release their ova (ovulation)
The remaining empty follicle becomes
‘luteinised’ to form the corpus luteum
(yellow body)

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Function of interstitial hormone

Stimulates the interstitial cells in testis to release testosterone

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What are the hormones produced in the hypothalamus that is stored in the posterior pituitary gland

ADH and oxytocin

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How does adh and oxytocin get released from posteror pituitary gland

Released into the bloodstream in response to the nerve impulses from the hypothalamus

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Function of ADH

Reabsorption of water from urine to return to blood stream (ADH is released when receptors in the hypothalamus detect a change in osmotic pressure ion blood from dehydration)

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Function of oxytocin.

Acts on mammary glands during late pregnancy and causes milk to be released in response to suckling by neonate
At the end of gestation, oxytocin causes the contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus resulting in parturition and deliver of fetus

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete

T3
T4
Calcitonin

Function of T3 and T4

Regulates the metabolic rate of all the body cells which is the rate the body burns the nutrients to produce energy
Essential for normal growth

Function of calcitonin

Regulates blood calcium level in conjunction with parathyroid hormone
It’s lowers calcium level by inhibiting the rate of decalcification of bone and by stimulate it bone growth (take in more calcium)

What is hypothyroidism and what do affected animals show

Hypothyroidism: a condition of under secretion of thyroid hormone
Signs: stunted (dwarfism) growth in young animals
Older animals: hair loss, slow heart rate
Dog may become fat and sluggish

What is hyperthyroidism and what doe affacted animals show

Hyperactive, aggressive activities
Increased appetite
Increased heart rate

What hormones does parathyroid gland produce

Parathyroid hormone/ parathormone

Function of parathyroid hormone

Helps to maintain blood calcium levels If calcium levels are low, calcium is reabsorbed form the bones and absorption of calcium from the intestine is increased

Hormones produced by the pancreas

Insulin (b cells) Glucagon (a cells) Stomatostatin (d cells)

Function of insulin

Produced by d cells. Insulin decrease blood glucose levels by increasing intake of glucose into body cells and used as energ and storing excess glucose as glycogen in the liver (glycogen is is)

What is the condition when there is insufficient insulin production

Diabetes mellitus

Function of glucagon

Produced by a cells in response to low glucose levels Glycogen increase blood glucose levels by breaking down stores of glycogen in the liver

Function of statostain

By d cells, Inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon Which smooths out the daily fluctuation in blood glucose levels

What are the two parts the adrenal gland is made up of

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

What are the two parts the adrenal gland is made up of

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Which part refers to the inner portion of the adrenal gland

Medulla

What is the classification of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

Aldosterone Glucocorticoids Sex hormones

What is the classification of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

Aldosterone Glucocorticoids Sex hormones

Function of aldosterone

Acts on kidney ( at DCT) to regulate the acid/ base balance By increasing absorption of sodium ions in exchange for potassium ions and hydrogen ions

Function of glucocorticoids

Cortisone and corticosterone are typical glucocorticoids In normal animals they are present in low levels but increase due to stress Their two main actions: increase glucose levels When present in large quantities they depress inflammatory reaction which delays repair and healing

Function of sex hormones

Estrogen (females) androgen (male): important for maintain secondary sexual characteristics

Hormones produced by adrenal medulla

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Function of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Raise blood glucose levels by the breakdown of glycogen in liver (energy level increase) • Increase the heart rate and respiration (to meet the high demand of the body for oxygen) • Dilate the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles (to meet the increased the supply of glucose and oxygen) • Decrease the activity of the GI tract and the bladder (in an emergency their functions are less important)

Hormones produced by ovaries

Estrogen Progesterone Relaxin

Hormones produced by ovaries

Estrogen Progesterone Relaxin

Function of estrogen

Produced by ovarian follicles Causes the behaviour associated with the extrusion cycle in female animals Prepares the reproductive tract and external genitalia for mating

Function of progesterone

Secreted by corpus luteum Prepared the reproductive organs for pregnancy and maintain pregnancy Causes the developement of the mammary glands during pregnancy

Function of relaxin

Produced by ovaries in later stage of pregnancy Sold ten and relax ligaments around the birth canal and prepare them for parturition

Function of testosterone

In response to the secretion of ICSH (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, male version of LH ) from anterior pituitary gland. • Testosterone leads to the development of male characteristics • such as muscle development, • male behavioural patterns e.g. territorial behaviour, mating display and aggression, • development of sperm