topic one: Environmental chemistry

Question 0

Willow bark usage in the past/future

Answer 0

Used willow bark tea as a medicinal drink for F.N in the past
A synthetic version of salicylic acid was developed by the Bater company and named it Aspirin

Question 1

Hippocrates

Answer 1

Known as the father if medicine

Recommended willow bark be used to treat pain and fever

Question 2

Plants produce sugar which is used as food, this requires?

Answer 2

Carbon dioxide and water

Question 3

Cellular respiration

Answer 3

Plants and animals need oxygen to carry our cellular respiration
Cellars in your body consume food and oxygen to create C02 and energy
Is a natural process that exists in both plants, animals and humans

Question 4

Processes and activities that may be harmful to living things include

Answer 4

Natural processes: forest fires, volcanoes

Human activities: gasoline, electricity and pesticides

Question 5

Nitrogen cycle

Answer 5

Plants can use nitrogen only when it is combined with other elements such as hydrogen and oxygen
Air is about 78% nitrogen in the form of nitrogen gas
Plants can’t use “free” nitrogen directly. It had to be “fixed” into other compounds with other elements

Question 6

Nitrogen fixation

Answer 6

Is the process if changing free nitrogen so that the nitrogen atoms can combine with other elements to form compounds that organisms can use
Carried our mainly by bacteria in the soil
The bacteria separate two nitrogen atoms that form nitrogen gas
Some plants that are very good at nitrogen fixation include: beans, clover and alfalfa
Once the nitrogen has been fixed, meaning that the nitrogen atoms have separated, the nitrogen can form compounds with other elements
Lighting also convert nitrogen in the air to nitrogen compounds that plants can use

Question 7

Steps of nitrogen fixation

Answer 7

After nitrogen fixation occurs, plants use the nitrogen-containing compounds animals then eat the plants
Animals use the nitrogen to make complex substances such as proteins
Decomposes break down the large nitrogen compounds in the soil
Nitrogen can moved from organisms and back into the soil several times
Eventually some nitrogen compounds are broken down by bacteria in soil
The nitrogen is released back into the environment as free nitrogen and the cycle begins again

Question 8

The concentration of usable nitrogen can be removed by..

Answer 8

Conversion- to free nitrogen by bacteria

Water- carrying dissolved nitrogen compounds deep into the soil, making it unavailable to plants

Question 9

Nitrogen can be added to souls that lack it by:

Answer 9

Planting nitrogen-fixing plants such as clover and alfalfa it add certain fertilizers

Question 10

Humans change chemicals in the environment

Answer 10

Chemicals formed by human activities such as…
Agricultural activities
Solid wastes All form pollution!
Waste water
Fuel combustion
Industrial processes

Question 11

Pollution

Answer 11

Any change in the environment that produces a condition that is harmful to living things
Ex: oil spills in a lake ecosystem affects organisms
Smog from vehicles makes breathing difficult for humans and certain animals

Question 12

Agricultural activities/ fertilizers

Answer 12

Fertilizers: substances that ene riches the soil so that plants will grow better
Contain major nutrient elements such as: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
The three numbers 15-30-15 means that the fertilizer contains
15% nitrogen
30% phosphorus
15% potassium
Some fertilizers have an S on the label to indicate that it contains sulfur as a major ingredient
Too much fertilizer can damage a crop or enter ponds water where it would damage the ecosystems

Question 13

Pesticides/agricultural

Answer 13

Chemicals that kill pests. A pest is an organism that harms people, crops or structures
Herbicides- kill or control weeds
Insecticides- kill or control insects
Fungicides- kill fungi
Cream problems such as being not selective which will kill both pest and non peer species
Pests can sometimes become resistant to pesticides if they have been there for a long period of time

Question 14

Solid waste

Answer 14

Included garbage that is collected from:
Households, industrial plants, commercial buildings, institutions, construction/demolition sites
Some solid waste can be reused or recycled
Most solid wastes are placed in landfill sites

Question 15

Sanitary landfill

Answer 15

Prevent waste chemicals from going into the soil

Uses plastic liners and compacted clay to prevent the chemicals from going into the groundwater

Question 16

Waste water

Answer 16

Sewage: waste water contain dissolved and un-dissolved materials from your kitchen, bathroom and laundry
Septic tank: an underground container where bacteria break down The organic materials before they are moved into the soil
Sewage treatment plant: treats waste from homes, businesses ect.
Effluent: also known as treated waste water and is released into rivers or lakes

Question 17

Acids

Answer 17

Compounds that dissolve water to form a solution with a pH lower than 7

Question 18

PH number

Answer 18

Indicates the acidity of a solution. It is a measure if the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Question 19

Acid rain

Answer 19

Industrial processes create many chemicals which go into our atmosphere… These chemicals dissolve in water droplets to from acids. When the acids fall back to earth it is known as acid rain
Sulfur dioxide + water- sulfuric acid
Nitrogen oxides + water- nitric acid
Carbon dioxide + water- carbonic acid
Causes lakes and streams to become acidic which harms aquatic life
Causes buildings and monuments to deteriorate

Question 20

Benefits if acids

Answer 20

Vinegar is a weak acid
Lemons are acidic
Some plants grow better in acidic soils

Question 21

Base

Answer 21

A compound that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH higher than 7
Hair condition and household cleaning products are bases

Question 22

pH scale

Answer 22

Measures the acidity if a substance

The pH of 13 means that a solution is basic- neither acidic or base

Question 23

PH meter

Answer 23

A tool that measures the pH of a substance that consists of using a probe which is submerged into the solution

Question 24

Acid-base indicators

Answer 24

A tool that measures pH and are special substances which may change colour when paved in a solution Blues litmus paper turns red in an acid Red litmus paper turns blue in a base

Question 25

Universal indicator

Answer 25

A tool that measures pH but is a mixture of indicators that change colour over a wife pH range

Question 26

Neutralization reaction

Answer 26

Produces water and a compound called salt An antacid is a mild base that reacts with stomach acid to neutralize it Acid lakes are sometimes treated with line to neutralize them

Question 27

How many elements do our bodies need for normal growth?

Answer 27

25 elements | Form complex molecules that form sugar, starch, fat, oil, wax and proteins

Question 28

Organic compounds

Answer 28

Complex molecules that contain carbon Ex. Fossil fuels ( petroleum, natural gas and coal) Four most important classes: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Question 29

What nine elements are essential for the normal growth in plants?

Answer 29

Obtained by air or water: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Obtained by the soil: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulfur

Question 30

Macronutrients

Answer 30

Nutrients and elements that are needed in relatively large amounts

Question 31

Micronutrients

Answer 31

(Small) are needed in minor or trace amounts

Question 32

Optimum amount

Answer 32

Amount of a substance that provides an organism with the best health

Question 33

Inorganic compounds

Answer 33

Substances that do not contain carbon | Ex. Baking soda

Question 34

Carbohydrates

Answer 34

Organic molecules made up of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 35

Lipids

Answer 35

Fats, oils and waxes composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

Question 36

Proteins

Answer 36

Are used by organisms for growth and repair and as a source of energy A organic compound made up of units called amino acids

Question 37

Nucleic acids

Answer 37

Are the largest and most complicated molecules found in living things All cells contain two important nucleic acids: DNA and RNA acids Play a major role in heredity and in controlling a cells activities

Question 38

What certain elements do for plants

Answer 38

Nitrogen: composition if proteins and chlorophyll, leaf and stem growth Phosphorus: root and flower growth, cellular desperation and photosynthesis Potassium: stimulation of early growth, starch and protein production and sugar movement, disease resistance, chlorophyll production and tuber formation Magnesium: composition of chlorophyll structure

Question 39

What certain elements do for humans

Answer 39

Nitrogen: composition of proteins and nucleic acids found in all cells, growth and repair of tissues Phosphorus: composition if bones, teeth and DNA, many metabolic reactions Potassium: muscle contraction and never impulses Magnesium: composition of bones and teeth, absorption of calcium and potassium

Question 40

How do nutrients enter the plant

Answer 40

Through passive or active transport Passive: does not require the plant to use any energy Active: plants must use energy to move the molecules if nutrients in the direction opposite to diffusion. To maintain their concentrations, plants have to receive nutrients from the soil area and lower concentration in the roots

Question 41

Osmosis

Answer 41

A passive transport method: process that is a type of diffusion, by which water molecules move across a cell wall/membrane from an area where there is more water molecules to an area where there are fewer water molecules

Question 42

Diffusion

Answer 42

A passive transport method: the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration Some nutrients may move from an area if high concentration outside of the roots to an area of low concentration within the roots

Question 43

Ingestion

Answer 43

The process if taking did into our bodies

Question 44

Animals break down food in two ways...

Answer 44

Mechanical- chewing food | Chemical- occurs in the mouth, stomach and small intestine with the help of enzymes that speed up chemical reactions

Question 45

Hydrolysis

Answer 45

The breakdown or digestion if large organic molecules | A substance which is broken down had been hydrolyzed

Question 46

Substrate

Answer 46

The material on which an organism moves or lives Ex. The sea anemone attaches itself it rocked where it can obtain rich nutrients grin the intertidal zone Bread mild obtains materials from the nutrient rich substrate that it lives on Some lichens and aka gar are able to obtain in nutrient poor substrates such as bare rocks or snow