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Normal Animal 2 > Topography of Abdomen > Flashcards

Topography of Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

4 quadrants of the abdomen

A

R and L Cranial
R and L Caudal

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2
Q

3 transverse abdominal regions

A

Cranial abdominal region: caudal border of costal arch to just cranial of the umbilicus

Middle: umbilicus to wing of ilium

Caudal: cranial to wing of ilium

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3
Q

3 parts of the cranial abdominal region

A
  1. xiphoid (epigastric)

2,3. R/L hypochondriac (small)

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4
Q

3 subregions of middle abdominal region

A
  1. umbilical
    2,3. R/L Lateral (flank)
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5
Q

3 subregions of the caudal abdominal region

A
  1. Pubic
    2,3. R/L Inguinal
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6
Q

What is the paralumbar fossa? What species is it clinically important in?

A

-upper part of lateral abdominal region
- triangular depression (last rib, below lumbar vertbrae, cranial to ilium)

Large animals - ruminants/equine - window to listen to rumen and rumenotomy

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7
Q

cranial, caudal, dorsal, and lateral/ventral boundaries of the abdominal cavity

A

• Cranial:
Diaphragm
• Caudal:
Pelvicinlet(freelycontinuous)
• Dorsal:
Lumbar and sacral vertebrae
Diaphragmatic crura
Hypaxial muscles
Lateral and Ventral:
Abdominal muscles:
3 pairs lateral
One pair ventral

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8
Q

5 layers of the abdominal wall

A

-Superficial fascia
- wet dog shaking fur not attaches
- only in carnivores
-encloses cutaneous trunci m.
-Deep fascia
• Thoracolumbar fascia
• Tunica flava abdominis (large animals)
-Muscles
-Internal Fascia
-Parietal peritoneum

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9
Q

insertion of abdominal wall muscles and why its important

A

linea alba and prepubic tendon

During flank incisions (as in spaying (neutering cats) or caeserian sections in cows, the surgeon separates the muscles along the direction of their fibers instead of cutting through them (so there is less bleeding). 13

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10
Q

Nerve supply of abdominal wall muscles

A

lateral branches of:
• Last several Intercostal nn
• First three lumbar nn.

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11
Q

What does the internal fascia do?

A

attach parietal layer of pleura/peritoneum to body wall

endothoracic fascia and endo-abdominal fascia

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12
Q

What is the linea alba

A

white line!

An elongate ventral midline tendinous structure
(xiphoid cartilage to the pubis)
• Common insertion for abdominal mm.
• It separates the right & left rectus abd. mm.
• It contains the umbilicus.

The linea alba is easier to locate near the umbilicus because it becomes thinner near the pubis.

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13
Q

why would you make an incision of linea alba in midline laparotomy (celiotomy)?

A

No muscles need to be cut

• Not crossed by blood vessels (less bleeding)

• disadvantage: heals slowly (so use strong suture material)

• Less sensory innervation (less post-op pain at incision)

• Fibrous →
• strength to hold sutures (strong closure)
• minimize post-surgical dehiscence

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14
Q

linea alba serves as an attachment site for… (3)?

A

Ventrolateral abdominal mm.
Falciform ligament
Median ligament of the bladder

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15
Q

What, where, why umbilicus

A

closed scar in ventral midline - cranial part of umilicus region

landmark in abdominal surgical incsions

vortex of hair grows around in it a whirl

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16
Q

what can happen if umbilical ring does not close?

A

Umbilical hernia - escape of abdominal contents

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17
Q

Where/Why liver

A

against diaphragm, In all 3 subregions of the cranial abdominal region (mainly on right side)

Needle biopsy:
R side: 7th ICS
L side: Caudodorsal to xiphoid

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18
Q

3 types of stomachs (and their species)?

A

simple glandular (man, dog, and cat)
simple, composite (horse and pig)
complex, composite ( ruminants)

composite = has glandular and non-glandular regions

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19
Q

3 parts of the stomach

A

cardiac, fundus, body

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20
Q

is the stomach freely moveable? can you palpate it?

A

Yes - but cardiac and pyloric extremities are relatively fixed

No - you cannot

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21
Q

comparing k9 and feline stomach

A

k9 - U-shaped and pyloric is right of midline

feline- J-shaped (angulated)- pyloric on midline

22
Q

Empty stomach

A
  • Cannot be palpated
  • No contact with abd. Floor
  • In the intrathoracic part of the abd. cavity
  • The spleen caudal border follows the left costal arch
23
Q

moderately full stomach

A
  • stomach lies under the last 4 ribs
  • Contacts abd. floor
  • Part of the spleen protrudes over costal arch
24
Q

Full stomach

A
  • distended stomach form a uniform ROUND sac
  • reaching a level of L2,3,4. and pelvic brim
  • reaches from the right to the left body walls
  • Extensive contact with abdominal floor and easily palpated
  • Displacement of the spleen and left kidney caudally
25
Q

What is the stomach tube

A

• Before a stomach tube is passed, the length of tube to be passed is marked by measuring from the nose to the last rib.

26
Q

3 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

27
Q

3 parts of large intestines

A

cecum, colon, rectum(and anal canal)

28
Q

What is the cranial duodenum

A

Fixed to the liver, but can move up & down with pyloric end

  • May be cr. or ca. to pancreas (depends on position of stomach)
  • fairly mobile, compared to rest of duodenum
29
Q

descending duodenum

A
  • Right side
  • Bile and pancreatic ducts
  • hairpin turn
  • “anatomical” retractor to retract the viscera to explore the right lumbar area during celiotomy.
  • Identified in ultrasonography … straight course along the Rt. lateral abdominal wall → pancreas

Mesoduodenum (contains right lobe of PANCREAS)

30
Q

Ascending duodenum

A

It extends cranially, IN THE MEDIAN PLANE.

• almost reach the greater curvature of the stomach.
- starts at caudal duodenum flexure near right tuber coxae and goes to duodenojejeunal flexure)

Its Mesoduodenum attached to the desc. Mesocolon and called DUODENOCOLIC FOLD

31
Q

What is the clinical importance of duodenocolic fold

A

• Do Not confuse it with adhesion.
• It is a landmark used during “running of the bowel” during celiotomy

32
Q

Jejunum

A

largest part of SI
lesser (mesenteric(inside)) & greater (antimesenteric(outside )) curvatures

• Mesojejunum attached to the short root of the mesentery
• Enterotomies on greater curvature (preserve blood supply)

33
Q

What is the vacular pattern of the SI

A

jejunal arches (arcades)

supply jejnum with blood

34
Q

Ileum

A

It ends dorsally on the right side of the body (right to asc. duod.)
• opens into the ascending colon (ileo-colic junction)
- bypass the cecum (L1-L2)

The ileum is identified by
Short mesentery + Ileocecal fold.
Straight vessels + antimesenteric blood supply

35
Q

most common part of SI involved in intussesception

A

The ileum is the most common part of the small intestine involved in intussusception (i.e., ileocolic or ileocecocolic intussusception).

36
Q

Cats have a ileo-__________ junction

A

The cat has ileo-ceco-colic junction

37
Q

the pancreas has…

A

2 lobes and a body - makes a 7 shape on stomach and duodenum

extends transversely across ventral aspect of vertebral column

38
Q

Cecum

A

• it is a diverticulum of the colon
• In the right side of the cranial abdomen
• Close to dorsal body wall (L2-L4)
• dorsal to the jejunum.
• Ceco-colic orifice → ascending colon

39
Q

cecum in dog vs cat

A

Cat has small cecum, comma shape (lil pouch at the end of ileum)

Dog: S shape against roof of abdomen

40
Q

4 parts of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending, mesocolon

dorsal body wall

41
Q

Ascending colon

A

Short
Right to cr. mesenteric a.

42
Q

mesocolon

A

continuous short mesentery, less movable

43
Q

descending colon continues as…

A

the rectum, at the pelvic inlet

44
Q

Physiological “anatomical” retractors (4)

A

explore the lumbar area “gutters”

adrenal gland, kidneys, ureters, uterus/ovaries

45
Q

Right lumbar “gutters”

A

Retract- descending duodenum

  • Use the Mesoduodenum to retract the intestine to the left (toward the midline)
  • Examine the right “gutter” kidney, adrenal gland, ureter and ovary.
46
Q

left lumbar “gutters”

A

Retract- Descending colon

  • Use the descending mesocolon to retract the abdominal contents to the right (toward the midline).
  • Examine the left kidney, adrenal gland, ureter & ovary.
47
Q

Deepest layer of abdominal cavity

A

adrenal glands, kidneys, descending aorta, caudal vena cava, ureter, bladder, uterus

48
Q

Adrenal gland parts and info

A

2 parts: Cortex and medulla

• The medulla has abundant nerve supply
• The cortex lacks a nerve supply - but essential for life

• The medulla cells = sympathetic postganglionics.
• The medulla is not essential for life (dogs can live if bilaterally removed)

49
Q

Adrenal gland and blood supply

A

• lie close to rich source of arterial supply and venous drainage (2nd (to thyroid gland) richest supply for its size)

• In post-mortum: section it sagittally to evaluate corticomedullary ratio (generally 1:1)

50
Q

Kidneys info

A

in the sublumbar region AND Retroperitoneal

• lie on either side of the aorta and caudal vena cava
• The left kidney is less firmly attached to the sublumbar area than the right

51
Q

Kidneys cat vs dog

A

• Kidneys of the dog are more cr. than the cat.

• Palpation of both kidneys is easier in cats than in dogs

• In the dog the rt. kidney is often nonpalpable (more cranial

52
Q

Urinary bladder and its clinical significance

A

variable size

In midline celiotomy, it is in danger of being accidentally incised if the urine has not been expelled prior to surgery.

• Could be palpated in the ventral caudal abdomen.

Normal Animal 2 (15 decks)

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