Toxic Effects of Calories

Question 1

Humans consume food to provide energy needed to
a. drive cellular functions including digestion, metabolism, pumping blood, nerve activity,
and muscle contractions.
b. promote photosynthesis.
c. synthesize oxygen in the lungs.
d. prepare minerals for use in the body.
e. produce carbon dioxide to fuel body functions.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Neural control of energy balance
a. may be defined as the action of leptin on CNS function.
b. may be defined as the action of hypothalamic cholinergic control of appetite and
hedonic control.
c. may involve a balance between food intake and energy expenditure.
d. may involve a balance between leptin’s action on orexigenic versus anorexigenic
peptide expression.
e. may involve adrenocortical control of hepatic function.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Body composition may be assessed by
a. electrical impedance because lean mass has more water and greater conductivity than
fat mass.
b. anthropometric analysis of the body mass index.
c. hydrodensitometry, which uses the density of the whole body and corrects for residual
air in the lungs and GI tract to determine relative body fat.
d. nuclear magnetic resonance.
e. all of the above.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Ectopic fat deposition includes
a. adipose tissue.
b. skeletal muscle.
c. Lungs.
d. Heart.
e. GI tract

Answer 4

B

Question 5

Excess calories may be
a. stored as glucose in adipose tissue.
b. stored as triglycerides in CNS tissue.
c. stored as glycogen in CNS tissue.
d. stored as glycogen in the liver.
e. stored as triglycerides in the GI tract

Answer 5

D

Question 6

Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of actions including
a. typically results from elevated fasting glucose, increased HDL, and hypertension.
b. typically results from elevated fasting glucose, increased LDL, and hypertension.
c. typically results from elevated fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypotension.
d. typically results from elevated fasting glucose, hypotriglyceridemia, and truncal
obesity.
e. typically results from elevated fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, and truncal
obesity.

Answer 6

E

Question 7

Excess caloric intake
a. may lead to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
b. is always correlated with obesity and insulin resistance.
c. is characterized by elevations of serum ALT concentrations in all cases.
d. leads to hepatic cirrhosis and liver cancer in almost all cases.
e. is readily reversible by dieting

Answer 7

A

Question 8

Although dieting may effectively reduce body weight,
a. toxicity may result from stimulation of adipokine release.
b. toxicity may result from inhibition of drug metabolizing enzymes.
c. toxicity may result from a loss of required nutrients.
d. toxicity may result from extreme mental illness.
e. toxicity may result from weight cycling

Answer 8

C

Question 9

Body mass index
a. may be used as an indicator of sufficient caloric and essential nutrient intake.
b. may be defined as body height divided by body weight squared.
c. has risen insignificantly over the past thirty years in the United States.
d. may not be used in the estimation of cancer risk in humans.
e. may be defined as body weight divided by height squared.

Answer 9

E

Question 10

Which of the following definitions is false?
a. The set-point hypothesis proposes that food intake and energy expenditure are
coordinately regulated by defined regions in the brain that signal to maintain a
relatively constant level of energy reserve and body weight.
b. Hormonal messages generated by the endocrine cells of the pancreas, adipose tissue,
and GI tract are involved in orchestrating multiple responses associated with caloric
intake and caloric utilization.
c. Caloric content of foods generally assumes factors of 4, 9, and 4 for carbohydrate, fat,
and protein.
d. The body mass index (BMI) is an accurate method for assessing body composition.
e. Liver, adipose, muscle, and other tissues adapt to excess caloric loads.

Answer 10

D