Toxicology

Question 1

ways to be exposed to a chemical

Answer 1

through gills/lungs, stomach, or skin

Question 2

through gills/lungs, stomach, or skin

Answer 2

Ways to be exposed to a chemical

Question 3

Purpose of liver/Kidneys

Answer 3

store, process, and excret unwanted chemicals

Question 4

store, process, and excret unwanted chemicals

Answer 4

purpose of the liver/kidneys

Question 5

how toxicants move around the body

Answer 5

through the blood, possibly binding to any number of sites

Question 6

through the blood, possibly binding to any number of sites

Answer 6

how toxicants move around the body

Question 7

mechanisms for excretion

Answer 7

urine, feces, respiration, sweat

Question 8

urine, feces, respiration, sweat

Answer 8

mechanisms for excretion

Question 9

mechanisms for crossing cell membranes

Answer 9

passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Question 10

passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Answer 10

Mechanisms for crossing cell membranes

Question 11

ideal for crossing cell membranes

Answer 11

small, nonpolar (fat loving), and high concentration.

Question 12

small, nonpolar (fat loving), and high concentration.

Answer 12

Ideal for crossing cell membranes

Question 13

pH and absorbtion

Answer 13

the PH of a solution may affect wheter a chemical is polar or non-polar

Question 14

the PH of a solution may affect wheter a chemical is polar or non-polar

Answer 14

pH and absorbtion

Question 15

pKa

Answer 15

the pH where the molecule is 50% ionized, below this it is completely ionized

Question 16

the pH where the molecule is 50% ionized, below this it is completely ionized

Answer 16

pKa

Question 17

toxicant concentration equilibrium

Answer 17

toxicants bind to a number of sites, including the active site, and are in equilibrium with the amount flowing through the blood.

Question 18

toxicants bind to a number of sites, including the active site, and are in equilibrium with the amount flowing through the blood.

Answer 18

Toxicant concentration equilibrium

Question 19

teterogen

Answer 19

Interferes with fetal development

Question 20

Interferes with fetal development

Answer 20

Teterogen

Question 21

Mutagen

Answer 21

Causes changes in genes

Question 22

Causes changes in genes

Answer 22

Mutagen

Question 23

Carcinogen

Answer 23

Causes Cancer

Question 24

causes cancer

Answer 24

carcinogen

Question 25

why we use the effectiveness on 50%

Answer 25

because some individuals are unusualy weak or unusually resistant, we chose a percent with a smaller chance of error.

Question 26

because some individuals are unusualy weak or unusually resistant, we chose a percent with a smaller chance of error.

Answer 26

why we use 50% effectiveness

Question 27

EC50

Answer 27

The concentration that effects 50%

Question 28

The concentration that effects 50%

Answer 28

EC50

Question 29

IGC50

Answer 29

concentration that inhibits grown in 50%

Question 30

concentration that inhibits grown in 50%

Answer 30

IGC50

Question 31

LC50%

Answer 31

Concentration that kills 50%

Question 32

Concentration that kills 50%

Answer 32

LC50%

Question 33

LOEL

Answer 33

lowest concentration that has a statistically significantly effect

Question 34

lowest concentration that has a statistically significantly effect

Answer 34

LOEL

Question 35

NOEL

Answer 35

highest concentration that doens’t agave a statistically significant effect.

Question 36

highest concentration that doens’t agave a statistically significant effect.

Answer 36

NOEL

Question 37

exposure time and concentration

Answer 37

there is a minimum concentration to cause an effect, and the lower the concentration the longer it takes for effects to show

Question 38

there is a minimum concentration to cause an effect, and the lower the concentration the longer it takes for effects to show

Answer 38

Exposure time and concentration

Question 39

effects on toxicity

Answer 39

Diet, age/health, hormones, experimental conditions

Question 40

Diet, age/health, hormones, experimental conditions

Answer 40

Efects on toxicity

Question 41

concentration tests

Answer 41

static, semistatic, flow through

Question 42

static, semistatic, flow through

Answer 42

concentration test

Question 43

static toxicant test

Answer 43

one sample of toxicant is deposited at the begining of the test

Question 44

one sample of toxicant is deposited at the begining of the test

Answer 44

static toxicant test

Question 45

semistatic toxicant test

Answer 45

toxicant is added to the system at regular intervals

Question 46

toxicant is added to the system at regular intervals

Answer 46

semistatic toxicant test

Question 47

flow through test

Answer 47

toxicant levels are carefullly managed to keep them constatn

Question 48

toxicant levels are carefullly managed to keep them constatn

Answer 48

flow through test

Question 49

humane tests for toxcicity

Answer 49

In vetro bioassays, microrganism tests, QSARs

Question 50

In vetro bioassays, microrganism tests, QSARs

Answer 50

humane tests for toxcicity

Question 51

in vitro bioassays

Answer 51

tests of toxin on small samples of cells

Question 52

tests of toxin on small samples of cells

Answer 52

In Vitro Bioassays

Question 53

Mocrorganism toxin test

Answer 53

exposing microorganisms to toxins and extrapolating the results to animals

Question 54

exposing microorganisms to toxins and extrapolating the results to animals

Answer 54

microorganism toxin test

Question 55

quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs)

Answer 55

extrapolating the effects of a chemical based on it's structure.

Question 56

extrapolating the effects of a chemical based on it's structure.

Answer 56

quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs)