Toxicology Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
the study of the adverse effects of chemicals and other types of exposures on living organisms and the environment
A
Toxicology
2
Q
substances that cause adverse effects
A
Toxicants
3
Q
natural toxic substances produced by plants, animals, and microorganisms
A
Toxins
4
Q
What are the 4 routes of toxicant exposure?
A
- Inhalation
- Absorption (dermal)
- Ingestion
- Injection
5
Q
Primary approaches to address toxicity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A
- Assess the animal’s condition
- Prevent further toxicant absorption
- Stabilize patient
- Treat clinical signs
- Neutralize toxicant with antidote (if possible)
- Remove the toxic substance (when safe and possible)
- Provide supportive care
6
Q
a condition produced by the ingestion or exposure to a toxic agent
A
Toxicosis
7
Q
General Rule of Toxicology: “_________”
A
“Treat the patient not the poison”
8
Q
What should be addressed before attempting decontamination?
A
ABCs - airway, breathing, circulation
9
Q
a process performed to prevent absorption of toxicants
A
Decontamination
10
Q
Need for decontamination is determined by ____ and ____
A
Clinical signs and time frame
11
Q
Decontamination methods are determined by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
- Patient age
- Patient weight
- Previous medical history
- Situational factors
12
Q
If there is ocular exposure, use _____ to flush out the eyes immediately and repeatedly for ______ minutes
A
tepid water or saline for 20-30 min
13
Q
Ocular exposures to _______ are emergencies
A
corrosive agents
14
Q
How is dermal exposure treated?
A
- Bath in mild dish detergent
- Rinse well with warm water
- Thoroughly towel dry
15
Q
When removing sticky substances, use a small amount of _____, _____, ______, or ______ until it breaks down into “gummy balls”
A
Vegetable oil, mineral oil, mayo, peanut butter
16
Q
Avoid ____ when removing sticky substances from birds because _____
A
mineral oil > very difficult to remove from feathers
17
Q
Avoid _____ when removing sticky substances because it may cause ______ or ______
A
chemical solvents > may cause dermal irritation or burns
18
Q
Dilution with milk or water is used in cases of _______
A
Oral ingestion of corrosive or irritant ingestion
19
Q
induction of vomiting
A
Emesis
20
Q
Emesis is easier to induce if ______
A
a small meal has been eaten prior
21
Q
Emesis is indicated in what 4 species?
A
- Dogs
- Cats
- Pigs
- Ferrets
22
Q
Emesis is contraindicated in what 5 species?
A
- Rodents
- Rabbits
- Birds
- Horses
- Ruminants
23
Q
Why is emesis contraindicated for hydrocarbon ingestion?
A
Easily inhaled > aspiration risk
24
Q
_____ is an effective emetic for dogs, ferrets, and pigs
A
3% hydrogen peroxide
25
3% hydrogen peroxide dosage for emesis is ____ per ____ of BW
5 mL (1 tsp) per 5 lb BW
26
3% hydrogen peroxide is contraindicated in _____
Cats
27
_____ or _____ should NOT be used as an emetic because it could cause severe GI hemorrhage
Food grade hydrogen peroxide or hair products
28
preferred emetic(s) for dogs
Apomorphine
29
Preferred emetic(s) for cats
Xylazine
Dexmedetomidine
30
_____ is an ineffective emetic because it can cause _____
Salt or salt water > sodium toxicosis
31
an adsorbent that can bind to toxins and thereby prevent the toxin absorption into the bloodstream
Activated Charcoal
32
How does decontamination with activated charcoal work?
It can bind to toxins and thereby prevent the toxin absorption into the bloodstream
33
a substance that attracts other materials or particles to its surface
Adsorbent
34
Activated charcoal cannot be used in cases of ingested materials that are not absorbed systematically
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Caustic materials
2. Ethanol
3. Methanol
4. Heavy metals
5. NaCl
35
_____ / kg of BW of activated charcoal can be used as a decontaminant
1-2 g / kg of BW
36
substances that accelerate defecation
Cathartics
37
Enhances elimination of the activated charcoal + absorbed toxicant
Cathartics
38
Cathartics are contraindicated in cases of _____ and _____
diarrhea and dehydration
39
Give 2 contraindications for enema decontamination
1. Premixed human phosphate enema solutions
2. Birds
40
______ are used to eliminate toxicants from the lower GI tract
Enemas
41
a method of gently pumping the stomach contents out of the animal
Gastric Lavage
42
_____ is the limit for gastric lavage in rabbits
10 mL/kg
43
When is enterogastric lavage indicated?
Oral ingestion of potentially lethal substance
44
the breathing in of toxic substances including carbon monoxide, nitrogen, methane gas, sulfur trioxide, and others
Smoke Inhalation
45
neurotoxins that can induce muscle tremors, ataxia, and convulsions that can last for several days
Mycotoxins
46
What two methylxanthine stimulants are found in chocolate?
1. theobromine
2. caffeine
47
The _____ and _____ the chocolate > the more toxic it is
darker and more bitter
48
a dose that will be lethal to 50% of patients
Lethal Dose 50 (LD50)
49
What is the LD50 for theobromine/caffeine?
100-200 mg/kg
50
Why is fluid diuresis indicated in cases of caffeine OD?
Caffeine can be absorbed through the bladder wall
51
The toxic principle, n-propyl disulfide, in onions causes _____ and ____
Hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria
52
Patients with suspected onion OD should be monitored for ______, ______, and ______.
Hemolysis, azotemia, and hematuria
53
blood in the urine
Hematuria
54
Ingestion of yeast bread dough causes _____ and ______ due to _____ and _____ production
intoxication and bloating
ethanol and CO2
55
Treatment for yeast bread dough ingestion includes admin _____. Why?
cold water or ice cubes > stops the rising process
56
Grapes and raisins cause _____
Kidney failure
57
A sugar alcohol used as a sugar substitute in many human foods
Xylitol
58
Xylitol doses over ____ lead to hypoglycemia in dogs due to excessive insulin release
100 mg/kg
59
____ burns are initially painful and thus result in only a small amount ingested
Acid
60
____ burns are initially nonpainful and thus result in larger amounts ingested
Alkali
61
Toilet bowl cleaners, pool sanitizers, and anti-rust compounds are (acids/alkalis).
acids
62
Drain openers, oven cleaners, and electric dishwasher soaps are (acids/alkalis)
alkalis
63
How are detergents classified?
By the charge in the solution
64
Give the 3 detergent classifications
1. Nonionic surfactants
2. Anionic surfactants
3. Cationic surfactants
65
Shampoos, dishwashing detergents, and laundry detergents are ______ detergents
anionic and nonionic
66
abbreviation for nothing by mouth
NPO
67
fabric softeners, liquid potpourri oils, germicides, disinfectants, and sanitizers are ______ detergents
Cationic
68
Wire, screws, bolts, nuts, and US pennies can cause _____ poisoning
zinc
69
Paint, toys, fishing sinkers, champagne bottle foil, and linoleum can cause _____ poisoning
lead
70
_____ are at increased risk for lead absorption
young animals
71
Nicotine OD symptoms can develop within _____ min
15-45 min
72
If a toilet tank tablet is chewed or swallowed, it can lead to _____
corrosive effects
73
If toilet bowl water is consumed, it can lead to _____
mild vomiting and nausea
74
Chewing a battery can cause _____
alkali burns
75
Pet safe ice melts contain _____ and are safe for ____ and ____, but not ____.
Urea
dogs and cats, not ruminants
76
If a plant is consumed, you should ask about herbicide, pesticide or fertilizer use. Why?
There may be added chemical exposure to the situation
77
The best way to evaluate the toxic potential of an unknown ingested plant is to ______.
identify the Latin name
78
Azalea are members of the _____ family are they are especially toxic to ____ and _____ but only cause GI signs in _____ and ____.
Rhododendron family
horses/cows
dogs/cats
79
Ingestion of plants in the rhododendron family can lead to _______ dysfunction
cardiovascular
80
What parts of cardiac glycoside-containing plants, such as oleander, lily of the valley and fox glove, are toxic?
All parts
81
Milkweed is a _____ and _____ plant
Cardiotoxic and neurotoxic
82
Avocado is a ______ plant
Cardiotoxic
83
Cotton is a ______ plant
Cardiotoxic
84
Larkspur is a ______ plant
Cardiotoxic
85
What is the most toxic part of the castor bean plant?
Seed
86
What is the antidote for caster bean plant consumption?
None
87
Blue-green algae is a _____ and _____ plant
Hepatotoxic and neurotoxic
88
Mushrooms are a ______ plant
Hepatotoxic
89
Agave is a ______ plant
Hepatotoxic
90
Lilies are highly toxic to _____ and will result in death/euthanasia if treatment does not occur within _____ hours
cats / 18
91
Calcium oxalate is found in ______
most common house plants!!
92
Grapes/raisins are ______ plants
nephrotoxic
93
Oak is a ______ plant
Nephrotoxic
94
Sorghum is a ______ and ______ plant
Nephrotoxic and neurotoxic
95
What causes painful oropharyngeal edema when calcium oxalate-containing plants are chewed?
Needle-like raphide crystals are expelled into the oral cavity
96
highly toxic carbamate insecticide found in fly baits that competitively inhibit acetylcholine esterase which causes parasympathetic effects
Methomyl
97
SLUDDE Syndrome
salivation, lacrimation, urinary incontinence, diarrhea, dyspnea, emesis
98
Guinea pigs are not affected by _____-based rodenticides
Bromethalin
99
Zinc phosphide is commonly found in _______ baits
mole + gopher
100
Zinc phosphide is converted into ______ in stomach acid, which then leads to ______ distress
phosphine gas / respiratory distress
101
What does phosphine gas smell like and what should you do if you smell it? Why?
Fish > call human poison control center > phosphine gas is toxic to humans too
102
What is the most dangerous type of antifreeze product?
Ethylene Glycol (EG)
103
Toxic levels of acetaminophen for
dogs = ______ mg/kg
cats = ______ mg/kg
Dogs = 100 mg/kg
Cats = 10 mg/kg
104
medications with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
105
NSAIDs
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
106
a stimulant found in cold and flu medications such as a nasal decongestant
Pseudoephedrine
107
Amphetamines are commonly found in what human medication?
Hyperactivity meds
108
a synthetic derivative of vitamin D3 and is commonly found in topical psoriasis ointment in humans
Calcipotriene
109
a topical anticancer cream used to treat solar and actinic keratoses and some skin tumors in humans
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
110
a condition characterized by involuntary, rapid, and repetitive eye movements
Nystagmus
111
a spectrum of clinical signs in the cardiovascular, nervous, GI, metabolic, and respiratory systems, and is caused by increased CNS serotonergic activity and increased serotonin levels
Serotonin Syndrome
112
When is emesis indicated with cases of cocaine ingestion?
If consumed within 15 minutes
113
