TOXICOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING

Question 1

The study of the adverse effects of xenobiotics

Answer 1

TOXICOLOGY

Question 2

Any chemical or drug that is not normally found in or produced by the body

Answer 2

XENOBIOTICS

Question 3

It includes the study of symptoms, mechanisms, detection methods, and treatment of poisons

Answer 3

TOXICOLOGY

Question 4

What are the different disciplines of toxicology?

Answer 4

Mechanistic toxicology
Descriptive toxicology
Forensic toxicology
Clinical toxicology
Regulatory toxicology
Analytical Toxicology
Environmental Toxicology
Food Toxicology
Occupational toxicology

Question 5

This discipline studies the cellular and biochemical effects of toxins

Answer 5

Mechanistic toxicology

Question 6

The research development in this area could provide insights to therapeutics and improved laboratory tests that would assess the degree of exposure of poisoned individuals

Answer 6

Mechanistic toxicology

Question 7

This discipline studies animal exposure to poisons and use the findings to interpret what would be the level that would be considered lethal for humans.

Answer 7

Descriptive toxicology

Question 8

This discipline is important in risk assessment, which would be establishing the standards that describe the level of exposure of certain substances that will be a public health or safety risk

Answer 8

Descriptive toxicology

Question 9

This discipline is focused more with the medicolegal consequences of toxin exposure, with special focus on the validation of analytic methods to ascertain the cause of death.

Answer 9

Forensic Toxicology

Question 10

This discipline involves studying interrelationships between toxin exposure and disease states

Answer 10

Clinical toxicology

Question 11

This area includes diagnostic testing and therapeutic interventions.

Answer 11

Clinical toxicology

Question 12

This discipline gathers and evaluates the data derived from mechanistic and descriptive studies to determine standards that define the level of exposure that is not considered harmful to public health or safety

Answer 12

Regulatory toxicology

Question 13

This discipline involves identification of toxic substances through laboratory analysis of body fluids, wastes or tissues

Answer 13

Analytical toxicology

Question 14

This discipline involves the study of substances that contaminate food, water, soil, or the atmosphere.

Answer 14

Environmental toxicology

Question 15

This discipline is primarily responsible for the delivery of safe and edible food supply to consumers.

Answer 15

Food toxicology

Question 16

This discipline studies the health effects from exposure to toxic substances in the workplace

Answer 16

Occupational toxicology

Question 17

The actual amount of chemical that enters the body

Answer 17

Dose

Question 18

the dose was given over a short period of time usually within 24 hours

Answer 18

Acute exposure

Question 19

the dose was given over a long period of time.

Answer 19

Chronic exposure

Question 20

Contact with a chemical that can occur one time or occur on a short-term or long-term basis

Answer 20

Exposure

Question 21

Describes the relationship of the body’s response to different amounts of agents such as a drug or toxin

Answer 21

Dose-response

Question 22

It simply describes the relationship between exposure and health effect, often determined by measuring the effect relative to the dose.

Answer 22

Dose-response

Question 23

Exogenous agents causing adverse effects on biological systems and are often used to describe chemicals derived from animals, plants, minerals, or gas

Answer 23

Poisons

Question 24

Refers to the effect of a chemical exposure that will produce injury to one kind of living organism but has no effect to another closely related living organism

Answer 24

Selective toxicity

Question 25

Dose or exposure level below which the harmful effects of the chemical are not seen in a population

Answer 25

Threshold dose

Question 26

No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) or the no effect level (NEL)

Answer 26

Threshold dose

Question 27

This may not be applicable to cancer-causing substances since there is no safe level of exposure for these substances.

Answer 27

Threshold dose

Question 28

Refers to the fatal effects of toxins to the body after exposure through the different routes with a chemical.

Answer 28

Toxic

Question 29

Any chemical that can injure or kill humans, animals, or plants; a poison.

Answer 29

Toxicant

Question 30

Produced by or are a by-product of human-made activities

Answer 30

Toxicant

Question 31

Endogenous substances that are produced naturally in living organisms

Answer 31

Toxins

Question 32

The degree to which a chemical substance damages an organ system, disrupts a biochemical process or disturbs an enzyme system

Answer 32

Toxicity

Question 33

Amount it takes to elicit a toxic effect compared with other chemicals

Answer 33

Potent

Question 34

Done for some toxic exposures (blood lead levels or metabolites of chemicals)

Answer 34

Biologic monitoring

Question 35

These influences toxicity of the substance and its dose as it enters the body

Answer 35

Site Route of exposure

Question 36

The fastest route for toxins to enter the systemic circulation, produces toxic effects throughout the body

Answer 36

Inhalation

Question 37

Intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous injections are some of the examples

Answer 37

Injection

Question 38

This is more permeable to fat-soluble chemicals that water-soluble once.

Answer 38

Skin

Question 39

any exposure less than 24 hours up to 72 hours

Answer 39

Acute exposure

Question 40

Toxic gases require how many hours for toxicity?

Answer 40

less than 24 hours

Question 41

Repeated exposures to a substance for greater than 72 hours but less than 1 month.

Answer 41

Subacute exposure

Question 42

This refers to continuous or repeated intermittent exposure

Answer 42

Chronic exposure

Question 43

a period of exposure extending beyond 3 months.

Answer 43

Sub chronic exposure

Question 44

This is the cumulative action of a chemical or a xenobiotic's absorption, biotransformation and elimination

Answer 44

Disposition

Question 45

A process where toxicants cross body membranes and enter the bloodstream

Answer 45

Absorption

Question 46

What are the main sites of absorption?

Answer 46

GI tract Lungs Skin

Question 47

Most common cause of unintentional exposure to a toxicant

Answer 47

Accidental ingestion

Question 48

The common cause of intentional overdoses most frequently occur via

Answer 48

Oral route

Question 49

The phenomenon of the removal of chemicals in the liver before entrance into the systemic circulation

Answer 49

First-pass effect

Question 50

The absorption of the toxicant depends on its physical properties, such as

Answer 50

Solubility Dissolution rate

Question 51

This acts as a primary barrier since it is covered by a film of fluid which retains gas molecules if they are very water soluble or react with cell surface components.

Answer 51

Nose

Question 52

Size of particle that can penetrate the alveolar sacs of the lungs

Answer 52

1μm and smaller

Question 53

These have the greatest likelihood of depositing in the alveolar region

Answer 53

Nanoparticles

Question 54

The single most important barrier to preventing absorption of xenobiotics into the body

Answer 54

Stratum corneum

Question 55

Important factors of stratum corneum as a single most important barrier to preventing absorption of xenobiotics into the body

Answer 55

thickness Integrity Hydration status

Question 56

These compounds are generally absorbed quickly

Answer 56

Lipophilic (lipid-loving)

Question 57

These compounds are absorbed more slowly

Answer 57

Hydrophilic (water-loving)

Question 58

The movement of compounds through the layers of the skin is through ..

Answer 58

Passive diffusion