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Neuropharmacology > Toxins > Flashcards

Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

Hexachlorophene

A

Germicide

Spongy degeneration of WM

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2
Q

Penitrem A and roquefortin

A

Mycotoxins produced by penicillium app

Ataxia, tremors, staring

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3
Q

Thallium

A

Heavy metal found in rodenticides that are banned from use

Seizures, dementia, hyperesthesia, tremors, ataxia, paraparesis or plegia

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4
Q

Pyridoxine

A

Massive dose of vitamin B6

Sensory neuropathy- ataxia, dysmetria, decreases GP

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5
Q

Vincristine

A

Alkaloid antineoplastic agent
Impairment of axonal transport due to breakdown of neurotubules
LMN paraplegia

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6
Q

Salinomycin

A

Cats
Chicken feed ionosphere coccidiostat
Paresis, dysphasia, suspense, muscle atrophy

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7
Q

Anatoxin-a

A

Blue green algae

Potent cholinergic agonist at nACh receptors and at the NMJ

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8
Q

Anatoxin-a(s)

A

Naturally produced OP

Potent irreversible inhibitor of ACh

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9
Q

Charatoxin

A

Green algae
Competitive antagonist at nACh receptor at high concentrations
Enhances ACh binding at low concentrations

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10
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Acute, reversible NMJ blockade mediated via calcium antagonism at external cell membrane channel site on pre and post synaptic membrane
Neomycin>kanamycin>amikacin>gentamicin>tobramycin

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11
Q

Polymyxins

A

Microorganism derives polypeptides that disrupt the structure of cell membranes and are effective for g- bacteria
primary effect on postsynaptic membrane in nondepolarizing non competitive manner

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12
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Proposed mechanisms for NMJ blockade include:
Chelation of serum calcium
Calcium antagonizing effects of the magnesium in the diluent
Post NMJ depression of muscle to the effect of ACh

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13
Q

Ionophores

A

Most of the toxic effect is thought to be mediated by disrupting the normal ion gradient of cells
Lasalocid May induce changes in the membrane potential by influencing the permeability of nerve cell membranes to cations

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14
Q

A-latrotoxin

A

Potent activation of neurotransmitter release and loss of synaptic vesicles followed by depletion of neurotransmitter and conduction block

Black widow spider

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15
Q

Botulism

A

One of the most potent known toxins
Dogs - type C1
Blocks the release of ACh at the level
of the NMJ and at cholinergic autonomic synapses
Cleaves the proteins required for neurotransmitter exocytosis

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16
Q

Tetrodotoxin

A

Selectively blocks the voltage gated Na conductance mechanism common to both nerve and muscle and this inhibits propagation of action potentials

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17
Q

Curare class of NMJ blocking agents - membrane stabilizing NMJ blocking agents

A

Post synaptic binding to nicotine cholinergic receptor and competitively blocking the action of ACh
Atracurium, vecuronium

18
Q

Depolarizing NMJ blocking agents

A

Succinylcholine and decamthonium
Open ion channels similarly to ACh but the resultant depolarization in the end plate and adjacent area of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is persistent

19
Q

Ganglion blocking agents

A

Block postsynaptic ion channel

Hexamethonium and trimethaphan camsylate

20
Q

OP

A

Cholinergic syndrome - competitive and irreversible AChE inhibitors by binding to the enzyme esthetic site
OP-induced delayed polyneuropathy
Chronic encephalopathy

21
Q

Carbamate insecticides

A

Target AChE at Ps autonomic junctions, all ganglia and NMJs

Reversible bind AChE which allows dissociation to occur more readily facilitating reactivation of AChE activity

22
Q

Mojave rattlesnakes

A 
Venoms A and B
Venom A (mojave toxin) acts as non competitive Ca2+ channel blocker blocking the release of ACh and causing presynaptic block
23
Q

SA rattlesnake

A

Crotoxin A and B
Toxin A potentiates toxicity of B
Crotoxin B blocks synaptic transmission by inhibiting the release of ACh

24
Q

Coral snake envenomation

A

Alpha neurotoxins

Curate-like syndrome resulting in blockade of the postsynaptic neuromuscular transmission

25
Q

Tick bite paralysis

A

Salivary neurotoxin
Interferes with ACh release at the NMJ and/or propagation of the impulse along motor axon terminals
D variabilis or andersoni
I holocyclus

26
Q

Amphetamines

A

Monoamine release - competitive substrate for NE reuptake transporter and dopamine reuptake transporter
Induces impulse independent release of cytosolic catecholamines

27
Q

Methylphenidate

A

Inhibits noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake at nerve terminus

28
Q

Caffeine

A

Exact MOA unknown
May include phosphodiesterase inhibition, enhances catecholamine release, adenosine antagonism, or increased Ca entry into the cell

29
Q

Permethrin

A

Interference with Na channels, enhanced Na ion conductance, and post synaptic GABA receptor chloride ionophore complex blockade

30
Q

Cycad

A

BMAA - excitatory toxic MOA
Prolonged depolarization, changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, and activation of enzymatic and nuclear mechanisms of cell death

31
Q

Moxidectin

A

Macrocyclic lactone

Binding GABA and glutamate gated chloride channels

32
Q

Barbiturates

A

Inhibiting calcium accumulation in neural tissue, inhibition of neurotransmitter release, GABA mimetic action within the CNS

33
Q

Avermectins

A

Macrocyclic lactone
Agonist effects at GABA chloride channel - in CNS of mammals and PNS of invertebrates
Potentiates synaptic GABA effects by enhancing its presynaptic release and enhancing the binding of GABA to postsynaptic receptors
Collie - ABCB1

34
Q

Nicotine

A

Cholinergic receptor agonist that exhibits stimulant (low dose) and depressant (high dose) effects in PNS and CNS
May increase circulating levels of cortisol and catecholamines
Imidacloprid is a nicotine analogue

35
Q

Bromethalin

A

Effective uncoupled of oxidative phosphorylation

Results in inadequate ATP synthesis leading to decreases sodium and potassium ion channel pump activity

36
Q

Metronidazole

A

Binds to nRNA and inhibits protein synthesis thereby causing axonal degeneration

37
Q

Selegiline

A

Selective, irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B and acts centrally to increase dopamine concentrations

38
Q

Fluoxetine

A

SSRI- Serotonin syndrome from excessive serotonergic agonist on CNS and peripheral receptor
neuromuscular hyperactivity
Autonomic hyperactivity
Altered mental status
Cyproheptadine May reduce adverse effects

39
Q

Venlafaxine

A

Bicyclic antidepressant that acts as serotonin, NE, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor

40
Q

TCAs

A

Atropine-like anticholinergic effects

Inhibit biogenic amine (serotonin, NE) reuptake

41
Q

Metaldehyde

A

Decreased brain serotonin, GABA, and noradrenaline
Systemic acidosis
Important cause of seizures

Neuropharmacology (2 decks)

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