TPP - OSPE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
Myocardial Infarction: Confirmed with ECG
Sudden ischemic death of myocardial tissue, often due to thrombotic occlusion from (ATHEROSCLEROSIS) plaque rupture in a coronary vessel.
Complications:
- Heart Failure: damage to heart’s pumping ability.
- Arrhythmias: potentially life threatening.
- Cardiogenic Shock: Severe heart pump failure leading
to inadequate blood flow.
Rhabdomyolysis
Rapid dissolution of damaged skeletal muscle, causing the direct release of intracellular muscle components (myoglobin, creatine kinase, aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase, electrolytes) into the bloodstream.
Complications:
- AKI
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- Electrolyte imbalances: hyperkalaemia,
hyperphosphatemia
Preeclampsia and Eclampsia
Develops with proteinuria, typically between 24-28 weeks gestation, potentially occurring as early as 20 weeks.
Complications: HELP
- Haemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells)
- Elevated Liver enzymes (indicating liver damage)
- Low Platelet count
Post-Partum Haemorrhage (PPH)
Significant blood loss (> 500ml) after giving birth, particularly following vaginal delivery. Due to failure to clamp spiral placental arteries in the absence of uterine contraction, leading to increased bleeding.
Complications:
- Signs of hypovolemic shock
Asthma
Chronic inflammation of respiratory lining, involving tightening of respiratory smooth muscles and episodes of bronchoconstriction/airway hyperresponsiveness. IgE antibodies respond to certain triggers in the environment.
Mast cells release histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.
Complications:
- Inflamed bronchi
- Narrowed lumen, irritated and contracted muscles
worsen symptoms.
- Inflammation prompts excessive sputum production,
further blocking airways.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation
COPD is a progressive and permeant damage to the lung structure. Characterized by poorly reversible airflow obstruction and abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs.emphesemaand chronich bronchitis
Complications:
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Lung cancer
- Susceptibility to respiratory infections.
- Increased risk of myocardial infarction/cardiovascular
disease
Hyperthermia (Heat Stroke)
Most severe heat related illness, defined by body temperature above 40°C and neurological dysfunction. Involving thermoregulatory and cardiovascular overload.
Complications:
- Heat gain surpasses heat loss
- RBC denaturation reduces oxygen-carrying capacity
- Protein and membrane denaturation lead to
apoptosis, cell death, and cardiovascular collapse.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Occurs in both T1 and T2 diabetes when the body lacks sufficient insulin for sugar-to-energy conversion.
Insulin deficiency and increased counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol) trigger triglyceride and amino acid metabolism instead of glucose.
Complications:
- Ketones are produced as a by-product of fatty acid in
the liver which can lead to metabolic acidosis.
- Life-threatening hypokalaemia may develop.
Hypoglycaemia
Disruption of glucose homoeostasis causing low blood sugar.
- With diabetes (<4.0 mmol/l)
- Without diabetes (<3.0 mmol/l)
Complications:
- Impaired cognitive function
- Increased risk of cardiovascular events
Blunt trauma
May result in internal or external haemorrhage depending on location and mechanism. Body has trouble clotting due to the amount of blood.
Complications:
- Severe Hypotension
- Hypovolemic shock
- Death
Penetrating trauma
Penetration: The object pierces the body, disrupting tissues, blood vessels, and organs in its path. Cavitation: Rapid movement of the penetrating object creates a temporary cavity, causing additional tissue damage.
Complications:
- Local Tissue Damage - entry site and along trajectory
- Vascular Injury & Haemorrhage - the size and location
of the injured vessels, significant bleeding may occur,
leading to hypovolemic shock
- Infection Risk: Contamination: introduces foreign
material into the body & microbial Invasion: Bacteria
from the environment or skin can enter deeper
tissues, leading to infection.
Appendicitis
Obstruction of appendiceal orifice leads to an increase in intraluminal and intramural pressure, resulting in small vessel occlusion and lymphatic stasis
Complications:
- appendix becomes ischemic and necrotic
- Bacterial infection
- Acidosis &
Cerebral Vascular Accident (stroke)
Vessels narrow due to atherosclerosis, leading to plaque build - up, constriction, and clot formation, or embolism from decreased blood flow.
Haemorrhagic Stroke: Blood vessels rupture, causing abnormal blood accumulation within the brain.
Complications: - Cerebral Hypoperfusion
- Oxidative damage results in necrosis.
- Ionic pump failure leads to oedema.
- Decreased oxygen and glucose cause lactic acidosis.
- Ionic pump failure + lactic acidosis contribute to
inflammation.
Sepsis and Septic Shock
Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to invasion of tissue by pathogens.
Dysregulation of the inflammatory mediator cascade leads to capillary integrity loss, maldistribution of microvascular blood flow, and nitric oxide production, causing organ injury and dysfunction.
Complications:
- Decreased oxygen delivery
- Impaired CO2 removal lead to acidosis.
Addisonian Crisis
Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in response to stressors. CRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). ACTH upregulates cortisol production in the adrenal cortex.
Complications:
- Postural hypotension, compensatory tachycardia,
and potential vascular collapse.
- Reduced renal perfusion leads to water retention,
and potassium leakage = hyperkalemia and metabolic
acidosis.
- Circulatory collapse impairs waste product excretion,
elevating blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels.
