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CC LAB > Trace Elements > Flashcards

Trace Elements Flashcards

1
Q

• Usually associated with an enzyme (metalloenzyme) or another protein (metalloprotein) as an essential component or cofactor

A

TRACE ELEMENTS

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2
Q

• Deficiencies typically impair one or more biochemical functions

• Excess concentrations are associated with at least some degree of toxicity

A

TRACE ELEMENTS

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3
Q

is the most commonly used for determinations

A

AAS

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4
Q

METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION

A

• AAS

• FAAS

• AES

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5
Q

Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine lodine
Tron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Zinc

A

Essential in humans and animals

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6
Q

Essential in humans and animals

A

Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine lodine
Tron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Zinc

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7
Q

Not essential

A

Aluminum
Antimony
Bismuth
Germanium
Mercury
Silver
Thallium
Titanium

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8
Q

Aluminum
Antimony
Bismuth
Germanium
Mercury
Silver
Thallium
Titanium

A

Not essential

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9
Q

IRON

• ___grams

–_____ g of iron is in hemoglobin (red blood cells)

– 130 mg in myoglobin

– 8 mg bound to enzymes

– 3 – 5 mg is found in plasma associated with transferrin, albumin, and free hemoglobin

A

3 – 5

2 – 2.5

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10
Q

Iron is

Stored as____ and _____

– Bone marrow, spleen, and liver

A

ferritin and hemosiderin

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11
Q

Dietary Requirements

– In adult male, the average loss of 1 mg ____ per day must be replaced by dietary sources

– Pregnant or premenopausal women and children have greater ___ requirements

A

IRON

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12
Q

facilitates diffusion of oxygen into tissue because it binds oxygen with greater affinity than hemoglobin

A

Myoglobin

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13
Q

are essential for electron transport in the respiratory chain, with reversible cycling of ferric iron to ferrous iron, resulting in the production of ATP

A

Cytochromes

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14
Q

(2) are iron-containing enzymes that convert H2O2 to water

A

Peroxidase and catalase

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15
Q

– pregnant women, both young children and adolescents, and women of reproductive age

– Increased Blood Loss

– Decreased iron intake

– Decreased release from ferritin

A

IDA

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16
Q

– genetic defect that causes tissue accumulation of iron, affects liver function, and often leads to hyperpigmentation of the skin

A

Genetic/Hereditary Hemochromatosis

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17
Q

– increased serum iron and TIBC or transferrin, but without demonstrable tissue damage

A

HEMOSIDEROSIS

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18
Q

increases in iron deficiency and decreases in iron overload

A

Serum Transferrin Receptors

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19
Q

• Ferric iron bound to transferrin

• Serum or heparinized plasma

A

Total Iron Content (Serum Iron)

20
Q

TIC collection

A

• Early morning is preferred because of the diurnal variation

21
Q

• Amount of iron that could be bound by saturating transferrin and other minor iron-binding proteins present in the serum or plasma sample

A

Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC)

22
Q

– Is the ratio of serum iron to TIBC

A

transferrin saturation

23
Q

– Measured by immunochemical methods (e.g. nephelometry)

• Increased in iron deficiency and decrease in iron overload and hemochromatosis

• May also be decreased in chronic infection and malignancies

– Primarily monitored as an indicator of nutritional status

– Negative acute phase protein, it will decrease in inflammatory conditions

A

Transferrin

24
Q

– Measured in serum by immunochemical methods (e.g. ELISA)

– Decreased in iron deficiency anemia

– Increased in iron overload and hemochromatosis

– Often increased in several other conditions

A

Ferritin

25
Q

COPPER

• Dietary Requirements

A

– Shellfish, liver, nuts, and legumes

26
Q

Absorption, Transport, and Excretion

– – regulation of copper

A

Intestines

27
Q

Copper becomes bound to albumin or complexed to histidine residues as it is transported to the liver where it is stored in the form of..

A

cuproproteins

28
Q

Copper

– Small amount bound to albumin and_____

– Mostly incorporated into____

A

transcuperin

ceruloplasmin

29
Q

– Synthesized in the liver and has ferroxidase activity, converting ferrous iron to ferric iron as it is incorporated into transferrin

– Acute phase protein

A

Ceruloplasmin

30
Q

Copper

• Mainly removed by_____ excretion as unabsorbed dietary copper and contained in biliary and intestinal secretions

• Less than____% is lost in urine and sweat

A

fecal

3

31
Q

Component of enzymes involved in redox reactions, with many involving reactions with oxygen

– Ceruloplasmin

– Cytochrome c oxidase

– Superoxide dismutase

– Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase

– Tyrosinase

– Ascorbate oxidase

A

Copper

32
Q

competes with copper for absorption from the intestine

– Increase ___ intake could cause copper deficiency

A

Zinc

33
Q

– recessive X-linked genetic defect in copper transport and storage

A

Menkes’ syndrome

34
Q

– hepatolenticular degeneration

– Associated with copper accumulation in the liver, brain, kidney, and cornea (KayserFleischer ring)

A

Wilson’s disease

35
Q

Richest source of zinc

A

– Meat, fish, and dairy products

36
Q

Zinc

Absorption, Transport, and Excretion

– Mainly absorbed in the_____

–_____% = transported in the circulation by albumin

–_____% = alpha2-macroglobulin

– Major route of excretion is by the feces and 25% is by_____

– Relatively small amount in urine and sweat

A

small intestine

65

35

pancreatic secretion

37
Q

Biochemical Functions

– Metal cofactor for enzyme activity

– Usually an integral component of the active site of the enzyme

• ALP, Alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, DNA and RNA polymerases

A

Zinc

38
Q

– For growth
wound healing
integrity of connective tissues
reproductive function
immune system
protection from free radical damage

A

Zinc

39
Q

Symptoms:

• Growth retardation

• Dwarfism

• Sensory alterations

• Susceptibility to infection

A

Deficiency in zinc

40
Q

COBALT

• Constituent of vitamin____, which is involved in folate metabolism and erythropoiesis

A

B12

41
Q

• May be absorbed by the same metabolism as iron

• Has toxic effects at high doses

• AAS for measurement

A

Cobalt

42
Q

• Use in metal alloys, metal plating, dyes, and leather tanning

• Natural or industrial waste

A

CHROMIUM

43
Q

• +6 ion is far more toxic than the +3 ion

• Richest source is diet

• Transported to the tissue by transferrin

• Important in glucose metabolism as an essential activator of insulin

A

CHROMIUM

44
Q

• Preventing dental caries

• Excess is associated with mottling of teeth and calcification in soft tissue

• May also minimize bone loss or even stimulate bone formation

• Readily absorbed by the gut and distributed totally to the bone and teeth

A

FLUORIDE

45
Q

• Largely protein-bound

• Activator of several enzymes

• Transported in plasma by albumin, alpha2macroglobulin, and transferrin

• Excreted in bile and pancreatic secretions

A

MANGANESE

46
Q

• Cofactors for several oxidase enzymes

• Mostly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine

• Released and excreted either in the urine or in the bile

• Excess exposure may cause inhibition of copper-dependent enzymes (ceruloplasmin and cytochrome oxidase)

A

MOLYBDENUM

47
Q

• Cofactor in glutathione peroxidase and iodothyronine diodinase

• Antioxidant properties and is involved in metabolism of thyroid hormones

• Deficiency found in: cardiomyopathy and skeletal weakness, osteoarthritis, and increased incidence of cancer

A

SELENIUM

CC LAB (46 decks)

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