Trace Minerals Part 1

Question 1

Who is at risk for fluorosis?

Answer 1

kids, supplement users

Question 2

What are the chronic symptoms of fluorosis?

Answer 2

mottling of teeth, pitting of bones

Question 3

What are the acute symptoms of fluorosis?

Answer 3

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heart arrhythmias, death

Question 4

Who’s at risk for fluoride deficiency?

Answer 4

those that consume well or bottled water

Question 5

What are the symptoms of fluoride deficiency?

Answer 5

dental caries, osteoporosis

Question 6

What are the sources of fluoride?

Answer 6

fluoridated water, fluoridated toothpaste, tea (depends on brew time and type)

Question 7

What are the functions of fluoride?

Answer 7

prevention of dental caries, bone health

Question 8

Which genetic disorder is associated with an icnrease in copper excretion leading to deficiency?

Answer 8

Menkes syndrome

Question 9

Which genetic disorder is associated with a decrease in copper excretion leading to toxicity?

Answer 9

Wilson’s disease

Question 10

Supplements of ____decrease copper absorption, while ____ supplements increase copper excretion.

Answer 10

zinc; molybdenum

Question 11

Which antioxidant enzyme required both zinc and copper?

Answer 11

cytosolic superoxide dismutase

Question 12

Which antioxidant requires manganese?

Answer 12

mitochondrial superoxide dismutase

Question 13

Which antioxidant requires selenium?

Answer 13

glutathione peroxidase

Question 14

What is associated with Wilson’s disease?

Answer 14

Kayser-Fleischer rings

Question 15

What are some symptoms of copper toxicity?

Answer 15

nausea, vomiting, gastric pain, liver damage (jaundice), kidney damage

Question 16

Who’s at risk for copper deficiency?

Answer 16

people taking antacids or zinc supplements, malabsorptive conditions, genetic disease (Menkes syndrome)

Question 17

What increases copper absorption?

Answer 17

citric acid, acid environment

Question 18

What decreases copper absorption?

Answer 18

acid-reducing meds, phytate, zinc

Question 19

What causes iron to be trapped in the enterocyte?

Answer 19

copper

Question 20

What are some good sources of copper?

Answer 20

oysters, nuts and seeds, legumes, cocoa, dried fruits, meat

Question 21

What is the function of copper?

Answer 21

iron transport, metabolism of superoxide,catecholamines, sterotonin, synthesis of ATP, cross-linking of collagen

Question 22

Where are the highest concentrations of copper in the body?

Answer 22

liver, brain, heart, kidney

Question 23

What is a clinical indicator of a zinc deficiency?

Answer 23

diminished taste mechanism

Question 24

Which is the best source of zinc?

Answer 24

seafood

Question 25

Which compound decreases zinc absorpation?

Answer 25

iron

Question 26

Zinc is required to release what from the liver?

Answer 26

vitamin A

Question 27

Zinc is required for digestion of ___ and ____.

Answer 27

folate, protein

Question 28

What are the symptoms of zinc toxicity?

Answer 28

metallic taste, headache, nausea, vomiting, copper deficiency

Question 29

What are signs/symptoms of zinc deficiency?

Answer 29

diminished taste mechanism, alopecia, decreased growth, poor wound healing, dermatitis, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function

Question 30

What are some good sources of zinc?

Answer 30

seafood, legumes, meat, dairy

Question 31

What increases zinc absorption?

Answer 31

aminoacids, citric acid, acid environment

Question 32

What decreases zinc absorption?

Answer 32

phytate, oxalate, tannins, iron

Question 33

What decreases copper and calcium absorption?

Answer 33

zinc

Question 34

What requires zinc to get out of the liver?

Answer 34

vitamin A (retinol)

Question 35

What are the functions of zinc?

Answer 35

cofactor, folate digestion, cell growth and replication, bone formation, immune function, insulin secretion

Question 36

Severe iron deficiency may lead to impaired activation of what?

Answer 36

vitamin D

Question 37

Which deficiency may lead to an iron deficiency?

Answer 37

copper

Question 38

When a patient presents with an iron deficiency, which blood protein is elevated?

Answer 38

albumin

Question 39

Which patient is most likely to have an iron deficiency?

Answer 39

15 year old female gymnast

Question 40

Which compound does NOT contain a heme?

Answer 40

catechol dioxygenase

Question 41

Which compound from chocolate can decrease iron absorption?

Answer 41

oxalate

Question 42

Which carrier protein is synthesized in both the SI and liver?

Answer 42

ferritin

Question 43

Which class of enzymes is required for digestion of heme iron prior to absorption?

Answer 43

hydrolase