Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CMED 311 > Trans 059: Substance Related Disorders > Flashcards

Trans 059: Substance Related Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is a standard drink?

A

12 g of absolute alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Brings alcohol concentration to 0.08% or above (5 or more drinks in male, 4 or more in female in about 2 hours)

what pattern of drinking?

A

Binge Drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion in the past 7 days. what pattern of drinking?

A

Heavy Episodic Drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Drinks <0.01 fl oz alcohol per day
(i.e. <12 drinks in the past year)

what pattern of drinking?

A

abstainer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Drinks 0.22-1.00 fl oz alcohol per day
(i.e. 4-14 drinks per week)

what pattern of drinking?

A

Moderate drinker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Drinks 0.01-0.21 fl oz alcohol per day
(i.e. 1-13 drinks per month)

what pattern of drinking?

A

Light drinker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Drinks >1.00 fl oz alcohol per day
(i.e. >2 drinks per day) Males: >14 standard drinks per week/4 drinks per day Females: >7 standard drinks per week/3 drinks per day

waht pattern of drinking?

A

Heavy drinker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

drinking occasionally with few serious consequences

A

Pre-alcoholic stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

drinking heavily but with few outward signs of a problem

A

Prodromal stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

loss of control with occasional binges

A

Crucial stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

primary daily activities involve getting and drinking alcohol

A

Chronic stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cage Questionnaire?

A
  1. Have you ever felt you should Cut down on your drinking?
  2. Have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking
  3. Have you ever felt bad or Guilty about your drinking?
  4. Eye opener: have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Scoring for the cage questionnaire?

A

Scoring: Item responses on the CAGE are scored 0 for “no” and 1 for “yes answers. A higher score is an indication of alcohol problems. A total score of 2 or greater is considered clinically significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ideal level of blood alcohol level concentration?

A

Ideally aim for level 0.01-0.06.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dysphoria (anxiety, restlessness) predominate, nausea may appear. The drinker has the appearance of a “sloppy drunk”

BAC level?

A

0.16-0.20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Loss of consciousness

BAC level?

A

0.30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Onset of coma, possible death due to respiratory depression/arrest.

BAC level?

A

0.40 and up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T or f? Effects are dependent on individual use, chronicity, and tolerance, and other factors

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Effect of alcohol in GABA?
intoxication:
Chronic intake:

A

GABA
- Inhibitory neurotransmitters
- GABA A and GABA B receptors is affected by alcohol (sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic actions)
Intoxication: Increase in GABA functioning
Chronic Intake: Reduction in the number of GABA A receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Basically alcohol is a CNS depressant, theoretically relaxes the brain by working on the GABA. Some people get pleasure. Some with numbing and feeling of euphoria.
 But why some people go wild?

A

Alcohol also binds to GABA receptors in the prefrontal cortex (involved in judging planning, control). Its control part also becomes inhibited, so a person can become disinhibited (go wild).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

effect of alcohol in dopamine?

A
  • D1, D2, D3, D4 receptors

Intake of Alcohol: Release of dopamine in the pleasure center of the brain (mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

effect of alcohol in serotonin?

A
  • Works via several receptors, especially 5HT3

Intoxication: Increased serotonin in the hippocampus and striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

effect of alcohol in opioids?

A
  • μ-, δ-, κ-opioid receptors
    Alcohol consumption: Increased endogenous opioids and μ-opioid receptors in the VTA; Greater increase in β-endorphins after ethanol challenge in those with family history of alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Effect of alcohol in norepinephrine?

A

Intoxication: Ethanol reduces the activity of the noradrenergic system in the locus ceruleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

diagnostic criteria of alcohol intoxication?

A

A. Recent ingestion of alcohol
B. clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes
C. one or more of the ff signs and symptoms: slurred speech, incoor, unsteady gait, nystagmus, impairment in attention or memory, stupor or coma
D. signs and symptoms not attributable to a medical condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

alcohol withdrawal diagnostic criteria?

A

A. cessation
B. 2 or more of the ff, developing within several hrs to a few days after cessation
C. s/sx in B cause clinically significant distress in social etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Earliest sign of withdrawal that occurs within 6 hours after last alcohol intake:

A

Tremor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

alcohol related neurological disorder?

Malabsorption, Poor Nutritional Habits =

A

Thiamine deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

o Ataxia, Vestibular dysfunction, Confusion, Nystagmus, Palsy

what syndrome?

A

Wernicke Syndrome = ACUTE, Reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

o Impaired recent memory, anterograde amnesia, confabulation

what syndrome?

A

Korsakoff syndrome = CHRONIC, 20% Recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  • Microcephaly, craniofacial malformations, and limb and heart defects
  • Short adult stature, adult maladaptive behaviors
  • 35% risk of having a child with defect
  • Precise mechanism unknown

what syndrome?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sedative –
Hypnotic –
Anxiolytic –

A

calming
sleeping-inducing
anxiety-reducing

33
Q

Many of the most commonly prescribed benzos are those which are most readily abused, including:

A 
o ALPRAZOLAM (Xanax)
o CLONAZEPAM (Klonopin)
o CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE (Librium)
o DIAZEPAM (Valium)
o LORAZEPAM (Ativan)
o TEMAZEPAM (Restoril)
o TRIAZOLAM (Halcion)
34
Q

Includes benzodiazepines (alprazolam, midazolam, lorazepam, clonazepam, diazepam), benzodiazepine-like drugs (zolpidem - “more for insomnia”), barbiturates (e.g phenobarbital – “for seizure disorder”)

A

Concept

35
Q

• Treatment for Overdose:

A

o Gastric lavage, Activated Charcoal

o Antidote to benzodiazepine intoxication = FLUMAZENIL
 ^ Board-exam question.

36
Q

o Antidote to benzodiazepine intoxication =

A

FLUMAZENIL

37
Q

Amphetamine-like substances e.g.

A

MDMA (ectasy), cocaine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, phenylpropanolamine

38
Q

Methamphetamine vs Cocaine?

A 
Meth:
 Longer, cheaper
 Can be detected in urine drug screen
- Stimulant
- Man-made
- Smoking produces a long lasting high
- 50% of the drug is removed from the body in 12 hrs.
- Increases dopamine release and blocks dopamine re-uptake
- Limited medical use
Cocaine:
 Short acting, more expensive
 Not so much detected d/t brief action
- Stimulant & local anesthetic
- Plant-derived
- Smoking produces a brief high
- 50% of the drug is
removed from the
body in 1 hour
- Blocks dopamine re-uptake
- Limited use as local anesthetic in some surgical procedures
39
Q

Methods of use of stimulants?

A
  • Intranasal – sinusitis, irritation, bleeding of nasal mucosa, perforated nasal septum
  • Through smoking – coughing, bronchitis, pneumonia
  • Injection – puncture marks, HIV, hepatitis
40
Q

positive effects of methamphetamine

A
  • Stimulant
  • Increased performance
  • Euphoric feeling
41
Q

PSYCHOLOGICAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF METHAMPHETAMINE

A
  • Restlessness, dysphoria, insomnia, irritability, hostility, confusion
  • Anxiety symptoms
  • Ideas or reference, paranoid delusions, hallucinations
  • Lowering of disinhibition that may lead to high-risk sexual behaviors aggression and violence
  • Mood disturbances
42
Q

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF METHAMPHETAMINE

the crash

A

o Anxiety, tremulousness, dysphoric mood, lethargy, fatigue, vivid nightmares (with rebound REM sleep), headache, profuse sweating, muscle cramps, stomach cramps, insatiable hunger, psychomotor retardation or agitation
o Depression, with suicidal ideations
o Peak of withdrawal symptoms: 2-4 days
o Resolved in 1 week

43
Q

“Gentle stimulant”
• Elevates mood and decrease fatigue
• Least harmful of all addictive drugs but can still lead to
problems similar to other drugs

A

Cafeeine

44
Q

the hallmark feature of caffeine withdrawal and may be diffuse, gradual in development, throbbing, severe, and sensitive to movement

A

headache

45
Q

what are the classes of opiods?

A

Naturally occurring opioids

Semi-synthetic opioids

Synthetic opioids

46
Q

what class of opiods?

Fully synthesized from combination of chemical building blocks

examples?

A

Synthetic

Buprenorphine, methadone, fentanyl, pentazocine, alfentanil, sulfentanil, levorphanol, meperidine, propoxyphene

47
Q

Compounds isolated from natural sources as starting metarials

what class of opioids? examples?

A

semi synthetics opiods

Heroin, oxycodone, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, oxymorphone and hydrocodone

48
Q

what opiods class?

Extracted from the plant Papaver somniferum or Endogenous neural peptides

examples?
xamples??

A

Opium, morphine, papaverine, codeine, thebaine
Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

naturally occuring opiods

49
Q

triad of opioid overdose?

A

Coma
Pinpoint pupils
respiratory depression

50
Q

Medical uses of Opioid

A 
o Physical trauma
o Myocardial infarction
o Post-surgical pain
o Chronic pain
o End stage cancer, and other terminal diseases
o Cesarean section
51
Q

what are the receptors affected by opioids?

A

Mu, Delta, Kappa

52
Q

can detect most opioids – heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, propoxyphene for 12-36 hours after administration

A

urine screening test

53
Q

generic term for the psychoactive substance derived from the plant

A

cannabis

54
Q

Concentrated extraction of the cannabis plant

A

hashish

55
Q

what is the active compound in cannabis?

A

delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

56
Q

o Does not produce any of the psychoactive responses
o a high potential for therapeutic use, including anti-epileptic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects

A

Cannabidiol

57
Q

Methods of use of marijuana?

A
  • Pipes
  • Water pipes (bongs or hookahs)
  • Cigarettes (joints or refers)
  • Paper from hollowed out cigars (blunts)
  • Mixed into food (e.g. brownies)
  • Vaporization
58
Q

how to test marijuana?

A

How to test → Urine drug screen (THC)

59
Q

Development and course of marijuana withdrawal?

A

Most symptoms have onset within 1st 24-72 hours of cessation, peaks within the 1st week, and lasts approx. 1-2 weeks

60
Q

reduction in prosocial goal-directed activities
o Poor performance
o Employment problems
o Related to pervasive intoxication or recovery from effects of intoxication

A

Amotivational syndrome

61
Q

There are two different synthetic forms on the market that are FDA approved:

A

Dronabinol (Marinol) and Nabilone (Cesamet) are approved for the indications as an appetite enhancer in AIDS patients and for nausea in patients undergoing chemotherapy

62
Q

why is marijuana called the gateway drug?

A

“Gateway drug” - leads to use of more dangerous drugs

 Because when people take Marijuana and they like it, they may be open to try other drugs and substances.

63
Q

Potent hallucinogen
• Causes distorted space, time, visual perception of shapes, colors, altered sounds “Hearing colors and seeing sounds”
• Found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains

A

LSD

LSD (d-Lysergic acid diethylamide) - “Acid”

64
Q

Syndrome unique to Hallucinogens,

A

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder

Where in following the cessation of Hallucinogen, the experienced perception disturbance still persists and bumabalik-balik parin.

65
Q

The hallmark of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder is the

A

reexperiencing, when the individual is sober, of the perceptual disturbances that were experienced while the individual was intoxicated with the hallucinogen (

66
Q

The symptoms may include any perceptual perturbations, but____________ tend to be predominant

A

visual disturbances

67
Q

Neuroimaging results in hallucinogen persisting perception disorder cases are typically

A

negative

68
Q

Reality testing remains [intact/affected] in patiients in hallucinogen

A

intact

69
Q

volatile hydrocarbons that are toxic gases from glues, spray paint, hair spray, paint thinner, gasoline, nitrous oxide, laughing gas, lighter fluid, felt- tipped markers, contact cement

A

inhalants

70
Q

in inhalants, Usually {positive/negative] in standard drug screens

A

negative

71
Q

CLues that the patient is abusing inhalants

A

Clues: possession of material and paraphernalia, lingering odors, peri-oral or peri-nasal glue sniffer’s rash, association with other individuals known to use inhalants

72
Q

medical complication in inhalation intoxication?

A
  • Brain white matter pathology
  • Rhabdomyolysis
  • “Sudden sniffing death” from cardiac arrhythmia
  • Impairment of neurobehavioral function
73
Q

derivatives of testosterone
o Oral or injectable
o Does not produce high but used to enhance performance and body size

A

Anabolic-androgenic steroids -

74
Q
  • AST - reflect

* ALT -

A

liver damage

acute hepatocellular damage

75
Q

AST / ALT ratio of 2:1 or greater suggests

A

alcoholic etiology of liver disease

76
Q

biomarker for alcohol abuse CBC

A

GGT (gammaglutamyltransferase)

77
Q

low sensitivity as standalone alcohol abuse indicator

A

MCV (erythrocyte macrocytic volume)

78
Q

management for overdose?

A 
gastric lavage
activated charcoal
competitive agonist
supportive measures
refer to toxicology/ poison control

CMED 311 (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions