Week 0: NEUROPHYSIOLOGY [part 1]

Question 1

T or F: although neurons a permanent cell, some may grow new axons if the axon is severed particularly in the PNS

Answer 1

True

Question 2

T or F: when stimulated under normal conditions neurons conducts impulses in one direction, from dendrite to synaptic endings

Answer 2

True

Question 3

what is a soma

Answer 3

cell body

Question 4

extend outward from the cell body and arborize extensively to aid their role in receiving incoming signals, processing the information, and then transmitting the information to the soma of the neuron

Answer 4

dendrites

Question 5

originates from a thickened area of the cell body, which is long and fibrous

Answer 5

axon

Question 6

The first portion

of the axon is called the

Answer 6

initial segment

Question 7

They contain
granules or vesicles in which the synaptic transmitters released
by the nerves are stored

Answer 7

synaptic knobs/ terminal buttons

Question 8

____________ forms from
Schwann cells and surrounds the axon except at its ending
and at the nodes of Ranvier

Answer 8

myelin sheath

Question 9

_____________ neurons have more than 2 processes, but axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites

Answer 9

anaxonic

Question 10

_____________ neurons have 2 processes separated by the cell body

Answer 10

bipolar

Question 11

_____________neurons have a single elongated process within the cell body situated off to the side

Answer 11

Unipolar

Question 12

____________ neurons have more than 2 processes; there is a single axon and multiple dendrites.

Answer 12

multipolar

Question 13

Examples include motor neurons, hippocampal
pyramidal cells with dendrites in the apex and base, and
cerebellar Purkinje cells with an extensive dendritic tree in a
single plane.

Answer 13

multipolar cells/ neurons

Question 14

where multiple local potential changes generated by synaptic connections are integrated; what zone in the neurons

Answer 14

dendritic zone

Question 15

transmits propagated impulses to the nerve endings`

Answer 15

axonal process

Question 16

part of the neuron where action potentials cause the release of synaptic transmitters.

Answer 16

nerve endings

Question 17

Membrane-bound organelles and mitochondria are transported relatively rapidly by (fast/slow) axonal transport.

Substances that are dissolved in cytoplasm (e.g., proteins) are moved by (fast/slow) axonal transport.

Answer 17

fast axonal transport.

Slow axonal transport

Question 18

Axonal transport occurs in both directions. Transport from the
soma toward the axonal terminals is called _________
axonal transport. this involves what motor protein

Answer 18

anterograde; kinesin

Question 19

Transport in the opposite direction, which is driven by what protein?;
is called __________ axonal transport. This process returns
recycled synaptic vesicle membrane to the soma for
lysosomal degradation.

Answer 19

dynein; retrograde axonal transport

Question 20

When an axon is transected, the soma of the neuron may

show ________________

Answer 20

chromatolysis, or “axonal reaction.”

Question 21

Nissl bodies stain well with

Answer 21

basic aniline dyes

Question 22

what will happen to the soma when there is a reaction to injury?

Answer 22

swell and may become rounded

Question 23

However, in the PNS the Schwann cells that had formed the
myelin sheath remain viable, and in fact they undergo cell
division. what do you call this?

Answer 23

wallerian degeneration

Question 24

herpes zoster virus invades what part of the CNS?

Answer 24

dorsal root ganglion

Question 25

causative agent of tetanus

Answer 25

clostridium tetani

Question 26

tetanus toxin vs botulinum toxin, which is flaccid, spastic?

Answer 26

spastic-tetanus; flaccid- botulinum

Question 27

clostridum tetani MOA?

Answer 27

delivery of toxin to inhibitory neurons; GABA and glycin are not produced; excitatory signal overwhelms and then muscles go extreme spasm.

Question 28

The difference in voltage (or electrical potential difference) between the interior and exterior of a cell

Answer 28

Membrane potential or transmembrane potential

Question 29

results from the separation of positive and negative charges across the cell membrane

Answer 29

membrane potential

Question 30

For a potential difference to be present across a membrane lipid bilayer, two conditions must be met

Answer 30

First, there must be an unequal distribution of ions of one or more type across the membrane (ie, a concentration gradient). Second, the membrane must be permeable to these ions. The permeability is provided by the existence of channels or pores in the bilayer; these channels are usually permeable to a single type of ion

Question 31

what maintains the separation of charges?

Answer 31

Lipid bilayer

Question 32

outside the cell which ion has higher concentration? how about inside?

Answer 32

Sodium is high outside; potassium is high inside. (PISO) basta tandaan na ang pumapasok ang sodium pag action potential so siya yung nasa labas.

Question 33

Is the tendency for the ion to diffuse

Answer 33

diffusion potential

Question 34

T or F? Equilibrium potential is based on the charge outside the cell.

Answer 34

F; it should be inside the cell.

Question 35

What is the Physiological Significance of the Membrane | Potential?

Answer 35

No membrane potential no action potential; No membrane potential no returning of ion channels to inactive states

Question 36

Potential difference across the axon plasma membrane of a | neuron not sending signals (not firing)

Answer 36

Resting membrane potential

Question 37

most important and major contributor of the three mechanisms by which Resting Membrane Potential is generated

Answer 37

Transmembrane K gradient thru non gated K leak channels (potassium leak channels)

Question 38

RMP of a neuron

Answer 38

-70

Question 39

Three important mechanisms by which Resting Membrane Potential is generated

Answer 39

1. Transmembrane K gradient thru non gated K leak channels (potassium leak channels) 2. Donnan effect (Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium) 3. Na K ATPase Pump

Question 40

Used to measure the actual value of RMP  Utilizes the concentration and permeability of ALL THE IONS involved  More accurate

Answer 40

Goldman-hodgkin-katz Voltage equation

Question 41

a name for the behaviour of charged particles near a semi-permeable membrane that sometimes fail to distribute evenly across the two sides of the membrane.

Answer 41

Donnan effect (Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium)

Question 42

Na K ATPase pump: how many sodium and potassium?

Answer 42

3 Na out; 2 K in (Trina, out!!! antu K-in!)

Question 43

what would happen if sodium potassium pump fails?

Answer 43

Sodium will be trapped inside the cells, water follows and it will lead to lysis.

Question 44

A shift in membrane potential in positive direction when sodium ions enter the cell

Answer 44

depolarization

Question 45

is the process of adding things up. In the case of nervous system, it is about adding up the effect of multiple stimuli, that are all individually subthreshold, so that together they can reach suprathreshold or beyond threshold and are able to generate an action potential (a response).

Answer 45

Summation

Question 46

Fleeting, self-renewing wave of depolarization (positive wave) that propagates without decrement along the entire length of a nerve axon at high speed.

Answer 46

Action potential

Question 47

Where is Action Potential Generated?

Answer 47

Axon hillock

Question 48

Period during which a nerve or muscle is incapable of responding to stimulation, especially following a previous stimulation

Answer 48

Refractory Period

Question 49

Hypokalemia, what symptoms? Hyponatremia?

Answer 49

weakness and eventual paralysis; depressionof sensorium

Question 50

The Limbic Lobe is surrounded by 3 gyri

Answer 50

Cingulate, Subcallosal, Parahippocampal

Question 51

Hippocampus is made up of 3 important structures:

Answer 51

Dentate gyrus, hippocampal gyrus, Subiculum or subicular cortex

Question 52

Sommer's sector: what sector of hippocampus?

Answer 52

CA1

Question 53

collateral branches between CA 1 and CA3 is called?

Answer 53

Schauffer Collaterals

Question 54

CA1 cells are sensitive to anoxia (an absence or deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues). Why?

Answer 54

CA1 cells produce Glutamate which make the area excitatory therefore needing O2

Question 55

CA2? CA3? what are the names of these sectors of hippocampus?

Answer 55

Dorsal Resistant Sector; Spielmeyer sector

Question 56

The axons of the Granule Cell layer project into the CA3 region. They are called

Answer 56

Mossy Fibers

Question 57

Almond shaped nucleus deep in the medial temporal lobe |  Function: Integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation

Answer 57

Amygdala