Transcription and Translation

Question 1

Transcription is what?

Answer 1

the DNA-directed synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 2

RNA does what?

Answer 2

the bridge between genes and protein synthesis

Question 3

Gene Expression is what?

Answer 3

the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis through RNA (via transcription + translation)

Question 4

The flow of information from gene to protein is based on the genetic code which is?

Answer 4

a triplet code of codons within the RNA that codes for specific amino acids

Question 5

64 triplet codons (4)

Answer 5

60 codons for amino acids
3 stop codons
1 start codon (AUG → Methionine, Met)

Question 6

Translation does what?

Answer 6

is the synthesis of a polypeptide, using
information in the mRNA

Question 7

Ribosomes are what?

Answer 7

are the sites of translation

Question 8

Redundancy is what?

Answer 8

one amino acid can be coded by multiple
codons

Question 9

No ambiguity is what?

Answer 9

one codon only specifies one amino acid

Question 10

Reading Frame is important because…

Answer 10

-if you start just one nucleotide over, it can
completely change the sequence of amino acids

Question 11

mRNAs do what

Answer 11

Messenger RNA
Genetic information flows from mRNA to protein through the process of translation

Question 12

50S subunit + 30S subunit + rRNAs is what?

Answer 12

Multiple Protein Subunits for ribosomes

Question 13

P site does what?

Answer 13

holds tRNA with growing polypeptide chain

Question 14

A site does what?

Answer 14

holds tRNA of the next amino acid to be added

Question 15

E site does what?

Answer 15

exit site, discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

Question 16

tRNA does what?

Answer 16

Transfer RNA
is a molecular component in translation

Question 17

Steps of transcription/translation (3)

Answer 17

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Question 18

Initiation and termination of transcription involve different sequences within the DNA that signal for starting and stopping

Answer 18

(TATA box within the promoter)

Question 19

Transcription players (5)

Answer 19

1.) RNA Polymerase
2.) Template strand
3.) Promoter
4.) Transcription
5.) Terminator

Question 20

Spliceosome does what?

Answer 20

Splicing out the introns and pasting in exons

Question 21

The 5′ end receives a modified nucleotide…

Answer 21

5’ Cap

Question 22

The 3′ end gets a…

Answer 22

Poly-A Tail

Question 23

Introns are the what of pre-mRNA

Answer 23

noncoding (because they are intervening sequences)

Question 24

Extrons are the what of pre-mRNA

Answer 24

coding (because they expressed)

Question 25

What does initiation in translation contain

Answer 25

30S
mRNA
initiator RNA
Start codon

Question 26

What does Elongation in translation contain

Answer 26

Initiator complex
50S
tRNA’s
Growing peptide
energy (GTP + ATP)

Question 27

Substeps of elongation (3)

Answer 27

Condon recognition
Peptide bond formation
Translocation

Question 28

What does codon recognition do and what is required

Answer 28

tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA codon
GTP

Question 29

What does peptide bond formation do and what is required

Answer 29

Catalyzed by rRNA’s
5’–>3’ direction
NT–>CT

Question 30

What does translocation do and what is required?

Answer 30

Moves tRNAs through different sites (PAE)
Requires GTP

Question 31

What does termination contain in translation?

Answer 31

stop codon
release factor
H2O
GTP