transformations of the cold war xx

Question 1

1. what happend 13 august 1961?

Answer 1

East German troops closed the border and stopped anyone from crossing.

Question 2

2. what happend after east german troops closed the berlin border?

Answer 2

• Within a few hours, barbed wire fences were put up and trains were stopped from crossing the border. The fences zigzagged through the middle of the city, dividing streets, and even buildings.

• Over the following week, the fence was replaced by a concrete wall that would remain in place for nearly 30 years.

Question 3

3. what was the moment of tension in october 1961 in berlin?

Answer 3

In October 1961, there was another moment of tension when an American diplomat was refused entry to East
Berlin. The incident led to a stand off at the border, which included tanks. The crisis was averted when Kennedy
and Khrushchev both agreed to withdraw.

Question 4

4. what was kennedy response to the berlin wall?

Answer 4

•Kennedy was angered by the wall’s construction, but he was also practical. As long as West Berlin remained free, East Berlin w a s not worth a war.

• In June 1963, he travelled to West Berlin where he visited the wall

• The speech he gave there made clear that the USA remained committed to fighting communism, using

Question 5

5. who was cuba ruled by between 1933 and 1959?

Answer 5

by a corrupt and brutal government led by Batista.

Question 6

6. what was life like in cuba?

Answer 6

lifenfor ordinary Cubans was tough

Question 7

7. who called for a revolution in cuba?

Answer 7

fidel castro

Question 8

8. what happened in cuba in 1956?

Answer 8

in 1956 and began a two-year guerrilla war campaign against the government.

Question 9

9. what happend in cuba on 1 january 1959?

Answer 9

Batista’s government collapsed and Castro declared a new Cuba.

Question 10

10. was castro communist?

Answer 10

he never referred to communism

Question 11

11. would president eisenhower and castro meet?

Answer 11

no eisenhower refused to

Question 12

12. how was castro reorganising cuba?

Answer 12

taking businesses and industry
into state ownership (including a number of American businesses).

Question 13

13. why did castro go to the ussr?

Answer 13

Castro turned to the USSR for help in building Cuba’s economy. In response, the USA placed an embargo on the country (a total ban on trade). Cuba was now totally reliant on the USSR.

Question 14

14. what did the cia help castro’s exiled opponents do?

Answer 14

retake cuba

Question 15

15. what was the bay of pigs plan?

Answer 15

A large group of Cuban exiles, trained by the CIA, would take control of Cuba. The US Air Force would give them support.

Question 16

16. what was the first problem with bay of pigs?

Answer 16

Shortly before the plan was put into action, it became clear that most Cubans supported Castro and would not join the invasion.

Question 17

17. what happend at the bay of pigs invasion on 17 april 1961?

Answer 17

On 17 April 1961, the Cuban exiles landed on the beach in the Bay of Pigs. It was a total disaster. At the Bay of Pigs last moment, Kennedy withdrew the support of the US Air Force and
the exiles were left totally exposed. 200 were killed and 1197 were
taken prisoner by Castro’s forces.

Question 18

18. what were the consequences of the bay of pigs?

Answer 18

• it was still obvious that the USA was involved. The USA had broken international law and been compietely humiliated. Kennedy, looked weak and incompetent.

• Castro knew that the Americans would not give up and this pushed him further into his alliance with the USSR.

Question 19

19. why was having an ally a few miles from american coast good for krushev?

Answer 19

For Khrushchev, having an ally
a few miles from the American coast was an opportunity not to be missed, especially with US bases and nuclear weapons in Turkey near the Soviet border.

Question 20

20. when did the first nuclear weapons arrive in cuba?

Answer 20

The first nuclear weapons arrived in Cuba in the summer of 1962 but it was not until 14 October that the US realised what was going on.

Question 21

21. what did kennedy reveal to american people and order in cuba to begin on 21 october 1962?

Answer 21

Kennedy revealed the missiles’ existence to the American people. He
also ordered a blockade of Cuba, beginning on 21 October, saying that the US Navy would fire on any ship that tried to reach the island.

Question 22

22. how did tension rise on 23 october 1962?

Answer 22

On 23 October, Soviet ships approached Cuba, carrying more missiles. It was now a game of brinkmanship.

Question 23

23. what happend on 25 october and 26 october 1962?

Answer 23

• On 25 october Kennedy assembled 120,000 US troops in Florida, ready for an invasion of Cuba.
• On 26 October, Kennedy received a letter from Khrushchev saying that he would remove the missiles.

Question 24

24. what happend on 27 october 1962?

Answer 24

• Later on 27 October, Khrushchev sent a second letter to Kennedy. Once again he promised to remove the missiles but this time also demanded the removal of US missiles from Turkey and Italy.

• Kennedy agreed on the basis that the removal of US missiles would be kept secret. The crisis was over.

Question 25

25. what were the results of cuban missile crisi for kennedy and USA?

Answer 25

• The Cuban Missile Crisis drew attention to the risks of brinkmanship and the lack of control that the leaders actually had over events. •In order to avoid a similar crisis in the future, a special phone 'hotline' was introduced between the White House and the Kremlin. • The Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963 banned the testing of nuclear weapons, except underground. • Both sides maintained their heavy nuclear arsenals (collection of weapons ) but it was recognised that the arms race could not continue in the same way.

Question 26

26. who controlled czechoslavakia?

Answer 26

moscow

Question 27

27. what was czechoslovakia like?

Answer 27

• It was a one-party communist state. • The press and media were tightly controlled

Question 28

28. what was czechoslovakia like in 1960’s?

Answer 28

• Economic problems were mounting. •respected economist Ota Sik, who argued that ordinary people should have more power and that the ban on private businesses should be lifted.

Question 29

29. what was Novotný forced to do in january 1968?

Answer 29

Novotny was forced to resign by the Soviet government. He was replaced by Alexander Dubcek, whom Moscow believed would calm the situation. he began introducing reforms,

Question 30

30. what reforms did alexander dubček introduce?

Answer 30

•allowing Czechs to run their own businesses • allowing public meetings and freedom of speech • ending press censorship • giving Czechs the right to visit non-communist countries

Question 31

31. what did moscows acceptance of alexander dubček encourage dubček to do?

Answer 31

He announced plans to open the borders with Western countries and remove all remaining censorship of the press. The changes became known as the Prague Spring.

Question 32

32. who did prague spring challenge?

Answer 32

Leonid Brezhnev, the new Soviet leader and other Warsaw Pact leaders were concerned.

Question 33

33.

Question 34

34. what did soviet forces do on 20 august 1968?

Answer 34

• Soviet forces entered Czechoslovakia and seized control of Prague. Although there was some civilian resistance, Dubcek ordered the Czech army not to resist. • The Prague Spring was over and a new hard-line government was installed by Moscow.

Question 35

35. what was the global communist response to soviet forces taking over prague?

Answer 35

• The biggest threat to Soviet leaders came from the Red Army. The soldiers had been told that the invasion was at the request of the Czech people. When they arrived, it was clear that this was a lie. Returning soldiers shared their experiences and this damaged the reputation of the Soviet leadership. • For many, events in Czechoslovakia destroyed their faith communism

Question 36

36. what was the westerns response to soviet forces taking over prague?

Answer 36

• The USA condemned the invasion and cancelled a meeting between Brezhnev and President Johnson. • Other Western governments condemned the invasion and there was an attempt to pass a Resolution, • It had been established in Hungary, in 1956, that the West would not interfere with Soviet action behind the Iron Curtain.

Question 37

37. when was the brezhnev doctorine created?

Answer 37

november 1968

Question 38

38. what did brezhnev make a speech about for the brezhnev doctorine?

Answer 38

Brezhnev made a speech in which he made clear that if any other Warsaw Pact country behaved in the same way as Czechoslovakia had done, it would face the same consequences.

Question 39

39. what does dentente mean?

Answer 39

easing of tension

Question 40

40. what did 1960’s to late 1970’s show about the relationship between ussr and usa?

Answer 40

it improves and threat of war decreased

Question 41

41. what was the reason fir easing if tension in 1960 to late 1970 for usa and ussr?

Answer 41

• Cuban Missile Crisis had shown that neither side was willing to use nuclear weapons and bring about their own destruction. There was also concern that other less stable countries could develop nuclear bombs. Co-operation could help limit the spread of the technology. • Both countries were spending billions of dollars fighting the Cold War. Continuing the arms race would have bankrupted the USSR.

Question 42

42. what does SALT stand for?

Answer 42

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

Question 43

43. what did treaties from SALT include?

Answer 43

• banning new ballistic missiles • reducing the number of anti-ballistic missile defence systems that could be built.

Question 44

44. who signed SALT I?

Answer 44

SALT I was officially signed by Brezhnev and Nixon at the Moscow Summit of May 1972. The improved relations did not last, however, and the Cold War continued for another 20 years with significant moments of tension