transgenesis/cisgenesis

Question 1

transgene

Answer 1

a gene that has been artificially inserted into the DNA of an organism from another organism

Question 2

GMO constitution

Answer 2

1. Select a gene of interest to be transferred from one species to another.
2. Build up a GMO construct
3. Introduce this construct within a cloning vector
   4.The recombinant DNA is introduced within E. coli or yeast cells
4. Transforming of plant cell/tissues
5. Select the transformed tissues/cells from the non-transformed ones and regenerate the plant

Question 3

build a GMO construct

Answer 3

Each construct consists of:
GOI
Promoter GOI
Selection marker related promoter (resistance gene) to identify which cells were successfully modified
optional reporter gene
terminator

Question 4

promoter

Answer 4

a region of DNA that is recognized from the RNA polymerase and allows the initiation of gene transcription

Question 5

introduction of vector

Answer 5

construct and vector DNA are joined (recombinant DNA)
Hybrid DNA is introduced and replicated in E. coli or yeast
using specific selective media you can select the colonies that have integrated the vector

Question 6

isolation and transformation of tissue

Answer 6

Direct gene transfer
-Bilistic
-Micro-injection
-Electroporation
-Somatic fusion

Vector mediated transfer

Question 7

vector mediated transfer

Answer 7

Tumor-inducing plasmid contains a T-DNA region that, in turn, contains genes that code for enzymes synthesizing opines and phytohormones
By transferring the T-DNA into the plant genome, the bacterium essentially reprograms the plant cells to grow into a tumor and produce a unique food source for the
bacteria.

Question 8

transgenesis and cisgenesis diffrences

Answer 8

TRANSGENESIS
-genes seleccted from unrelated species or kingdoms
- introduced genes are usually intronless
- promoters and terminators are different from those native to the introduced gene
- Plants may contain selection markers and
(optional) reported genes

CISGENESIS
- Genes selected from the same species or species closely related
- Introduced genes maintain the original structure (they have intron too)
- promoter and the terminator are native to the introduced gene
-Selection markers and reporter genes should be absent

Question 8

First generation of GMOs

Answer 8

First-generation crops have enhanced input traits, such as herbicide tolerance,
better insect resistance, and better tolerance to environmental stres

Question 9

Second generation of GMOs

Answer 9

First-generation crops were enhanced for added-value output traits
(GOLDEN RICE)

Question 10

Third generation of GMOs

Answer 10

Third-generation crops include those that produce pharmaceuticals, improve
the processing of bio-based fuels, or produce products beyond food and fiber

Question 11

Article 23: Safeguard clause

Answer 11

If a Member State gets new scientific information that changes the environmental risk assessment of a GMO (genetically modified organism) that was previously approved, and it has strong reasons to believe the GMO poses a risk to human health or the environment, it can temporarily restrict or ban the use or sale of that GMO in its territory.

Question 12

Genome editing

Answer 12

Techniques that allow to SPECIFICALLY CORRECT, DELETE OR SUBSTITUTE specific genomic sequences of interest. Differently
from cisgenesis and transgenesis, this process is NOT RANDOM

Question 13

Three main Genome Editing tools:

Answer 13

Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN)
* Transcriptor Activator-like Effector Nucleases (TALEN)
* Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats