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Clinical Microbiology > Travel Related Infections > Flashcards

Travel Related Infections Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What are the possible symptoms of traveller’s diarrhoea?

A 
Anorexia
Malaise
Abdominal cramps
Watery (non-bloody) diarrhoea
Fever
Nausea and vomiting
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2
Q

How can mosquito bites be physically avoided?

A

Air conditioning
Screens
Permethrin impregnated meeting
Clothing to cover the arms, legs, ankles and feet

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of fever in travellers from sub saharan Africa?

A

Malaria

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4
Q

What techniques are used to diagnose malaria?

A

Antigen testing
Blood films
PCR

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5
Q

What are the clinical features of malaria?

A 
Fever
Malaise
Headache
Myalgia
Diarrhoea
Anaemia
Jaundice
Renal impairment
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6
Q

In severe malaria there is parasitaemia. What are the other clinical features of severe malaria?

A 
Cerebral malaria
Severe anaemia
Renal failure
Shock
DIC
Acidosis
Pulmonary oedema
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7
Q

What drugs can be used for chemoprophylaxis for malaria?

A

Mefloquine
Doxycycline
Malarone

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8
Q

Which chemoprophylactic agent for malaria has the side effect of photosensitisation?

A

Doxycycline

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9
Q

Which organisms cause enteric fever?

A

S.thyphi

S.parathyphi

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10
Q

S.typhi and s.parathyphi have an animal reservoir. T/F?

A

False - it only exists in humans

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11
Q

What is the incubation period for enteric fever?

A

5 to 21 days depending on age, gastric acidity, immune status and infectious load

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of enteric fever?

A 
Fever
Myalgia
Headache
Cough
Abdominal pain
Constipation
Diarrhoea
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13
Q

Diarrhoea or constipation can occur in enteric fever. Which is more likely in children?

A

Diarrhoea

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14
Q

What is the diagnosis of enteric fever based upon?

A

Travel history
Blood culture
Stool culture
Serology

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15
Q

What antibiotic class is the most effective agents against enteric fever?

A

Quinolones

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16
Q

If there is resistance to quinolones in enteric fever what agent is used?

A

Cephalosporins

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17
Q

What is the incubation period of dengue fever?

A

5-14 days

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18
Q

What are the clinical. features of dengue fever?

A 
Headache
Fever
Retro-orbital pain
Arthralgia/myalgia
rash
cough
sore throat
nausea
diarrhoea
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19
Q

What laboratory findings are seen with dengue fever?

A

Lecuopaenia
Thrombocytopaenia
Transaminitis

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20
Q

How is dengue haemorrhage fever defined?

A

Increase in vascular permeability
Thrombocytopenia
Fever
Bleeding

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21
Q

What can cause viral haemorrhagic fever?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Lassa
Ebola/marburg
CCHF
SAVHFs
RVF
DHF
Yellow fever
22
Q

Exposure to viral haemorrhagic fever is more common in rural areas. T/F?

23
Q

Which causes of fever is a returning traveller more at. risk of if they worked in hospitals or refugee camps?

Study These Flashcards
A

TB
HIV
VHF
typhus

24
Q

Which causes of fever is a returning traveller more at. risk of if they had sexual exposure?

Study These Flashcards
A

HIV
Hepatitis B and C
Syphilis
Gonorrhoea

25
Which causes of fever is a returning traveller more at. risk of if they visited an African game park?
Tick typhus
26
Which causes of fever is a returning traveller more at. risk of if they had fresh water exposure?
Schistosomiasis | Leptospirosis
27
Which causes of fever is a returning traveller more at. risk of if they went caving?
Histoplasmosis | Rabies
28
Which causes of fever is a returning traveller more at. risk of if they were exposure to contained food or water?
``` Enteric fever Shigella Salmonella Campylobacter Amoebiasis Helminth infections Hepatitis A and E ```
29
Which causes of fever is a returning traveller more at. risk of if they ingested. unpasteurised milk?
Brucella Listeria Salmonella
30
Which causes of fever is a returning traveller more at. risk of if they had animal contact?
Brucella | Q fever
31
Which causes of fever is a returning traveller more at. risk of if they used air-con systems or. showers?
Legionella
32
How can malaria be diagnosed?
Thick or thin blood. film | Rapid diagnostic antigen test
33
What initial investigations should be conducted in a patient with suspected malaria?
``` FBC, LFTs, U&Es 3 malaria. blood films or rapid diagnostic tests over 3 days Blood. cultures HIV test Urine and. stool culture and microscopy Serology. gro dengue fever CXR and ultrasound of liver and spleen ```
34
What is the most severe causative agent of malaria?
Falciparum malaria
35
What. is the standard treatment for falciparum malaria?
Quinine plus doxycycline. for a week
36
What. are the four plasmodium. species which are. responsible. for human malaria?
P.falciparum P.vivax P.ovale P.malariae
37
Which causative agents. of malaria typically show no drug resistance?
P.ovale | P.malariae
38
Patients with confirmed non-falciparum malaria may be treated as outpatients with...?
Chloroquine
39
What are the clinical features of uncomplicated malaria?
``` Fever Malaise Headache Myalgia Splenomegaly Anaemia Minor GI symptoms ```
40
What are the clinical features of severe malaria disease. in adults?
``` Impaired consciousness or seizzures Hypoglycaemia Haemoglobin <8g Spontaneous bleeding or. DIC Haemoglobinuria Renal impairment Acidosis Pulmonary oedema / acute respiratory distress syndrome Shock Death ```
41
Fresh water exposure when travelling can predispose to which infections?
Schistosomiasis | Leptospirosis
42
Caving when travelling can predispose to which infections?
Histoplasmosis | Rabies
43
Why should malaria blood tests be taken several times over 2-3 days?
Malaria parasites may be in the blood at very low concentrations, especially in patients who have taken prophylaxis Parasites may not be visible in the peripheral blood at different stage of their life cycles.
44
What are the advantages and disadvantages of thin blood film in diagnosing malaria?
Good for speciation and estimation of parasitaemia | Low sensitivity
45
What are the advantages and disadvantages of thick blood film in diagnosing malaria?
Most sensitive method of detecting parasites | Requires expertise to interpret
46
What are the advantages and disadvantages of rapid diagnostic tests in diagnosing malaria?
Less sensitive | Require less expertise to interpret
47
What four parasites can cause malaria?
P.ovale P.vivax P.malariae P.falciparum
48
Which causative organisms of malaria exhibit drug resistance?
P.falciparum
49
Why do p.vivax and p.ovale require additional treatment to prevent relapse of malaria?
These parasites can lie dormant in the liver
50
What additional treatment do p.vivax and p.ovale infections require to prevent relapse of malaria?
Primaquine
51
Non-falciparum malaria can be treated as outpatient with what drug?
Chlorowuine
52
What clinical features are suggestive of severe disease in adults with malaria?
``` Impaired consciousness or seziures Hypoglycaemia Haemoglobin <8g/dl Spontaneous bleeding or DIC Haemoglobulinuria Renal impairment Acidosis Pulmonary oedema Shock Death ```

Clinical Microbiology (17 decks)

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