TRENDS 4TH QUARTER Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
- The ____ is concerned with the true, essential or philosophical nature of the concept.
A
real definition of democracy
2
Q
- The ____ is concerned with what has been agreed upon by society, a particular community or by a researcher that helps to imagine and describe what the concept is.
A
nominal definition of democracy
3
Q
- The ____ specifies the indicators of the concept to enable its measurement directly or indirectly.
A
operational definition of democracy
4
Q
- ____ definitions of it arise precisely because there is a difference between the real or essential meaning of democracy and the actual practice of democracy that leads to nominal and operational definitions.
A
other definitions of democracy
5
Q
- While the ____, philosophical, ideal or essential meaning of democracy remains the same, the actual practice of democracy may be said to be in the eye of the beholder.
A
real definition of democracy
6
Q
Derives from two Greek words “demos” and “kratos”
A
democracy
7
Q
- means the common people
A
Demos
8
Q
- means rule
A
Kratos
9
Q
essentially means the rule of the common people.
A
Democracy
10
Q
- Calling the common people simply, the people, Robert Dahl questioned how the people are designated
A
(Dahl, 1989)
11
Q
- For ____ democracy has to be preceded by national feeling or a feeling of national unity for ―The people cannot decide until somebody decides who are the people.
A
(Rustow, 1970,)
12
Q
- ____ may therefore be conceived of as a mixture of some essence of democracy and some measure of dictatorship.
A
Democratic practice
13
Q
- ____ theorists (Mosca, Pareto, Michel) and ____ theorists (Mills, Porter, Field and Higley) drawn attention to the fact that, despite partisan political competition and claims of existence of democracy, it is the organized few that rule the majority comprising the unorganized masses.
A
calssical elite and modern elite
14
Q
- is invariably a convenient product comprising some ingredients of both dictatorship and the essence of democracy
A
Democratic practice
15
Q
THREE DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES
A
- Civic disconnect’
- Complicated issues
- Wicked problems
16
Q
‘’ is often present where local governments offer only limited opportunities for civic engagement.
A
Civic disconnect
17
Q
require a more comprehensive approach to ensure the community is part of a process to create workable and sustainable action strategies. Collaboration with community members is even more important when a community is faced with a wicked problem—a messy, real-life situation.
A
Complicated issues
18
Q
are not solved in the conventional sense, only made better or worse by a decision or action. Wicked problems are rarely addressed successfully through sole reliance on professional expertise.
A
Wicked problems
19
Q
are more likely to succeed with problem-solving strategies centered on active citizen engagement, collaboration, and deliberative processes.
A
Community efforts
20
Q
Benefits of Participation (4)
A
- Improved governance -
- Greater social cohesion -
- Improved quality of services, projects, and programs -
- Greater capacity building and learning -
21
Q
increased democratic legitimacy for institutions because of close links with citizens, improved reputations for public bodies, and greater accountability of public bodies
A
- Improved governance -
22
Q
including bringing diverse and sometimes hostile communities together, bringing “hard to reach” and “disadvantaged” groups into discussions.
A
- Greater social cohesion -
23
Q
ensuring public service investment is based more on people‘s expressed needs, reducing management and maintenance costs by reducing vandalism and misuse as a result of engendering a sense of ownership.
A
- Improved quality of services, projects, and programs -
24
Q
raising awareness and increasing understanding of public institutions and the way they work, building confidence and optimism among citizens who then go on to other civic activities or learning
A
- Greater capacity building and learning -
25
Costs of public participation (3)
1. Monetary costs
2. Non-monetary costs
3. Risks
26
- including staff time (paid and unpaid), staff expenses, external staff, fees to participants, participants‘ expenses, training for staff and participants, administration, venue hire, other event costs (e.g. refreshments, equipment), newsletters, leaflets, monitoring and evaluation fees.
1. Monetary costs
27
including time contributed by participants, and skills needed for the new approach (taking time from other work)
2. Non-monetary costs -
28
including risks to reputation (from bad participatory practice), stress, uncertainty and conflict.
3. Risks -
29
is often defined and limited to the right to vote. A representative democracy demands free and fair elections and also that party candidates compete openly and fairly. A real choice between viable alternatives needs to exist for the voters.
Participation
30
is often defined and limited to the right to vote. A representative democracy demands free and fair elections and also that party candidates compete openly and fairly. A real choice between viable alternatives needs to exist for the voters.
Participation
31
- citizens are directly responsible for making policy decisions. The “user of its services” should be in focus for demand driven policy development and implementation.
Direct participation
32
A combination of an ____ through conscious voting in elections, mechanisms of complaint, and organized direct participation by stakeholders in public decision making,.
indirect participation
33
When the United States was founded, the Founders created a democratic republic, a system of government in which the power to govern comes from the people, but elected officials represent their interests. This system of government allows American citizens to participate in government in many ways.
MODELS OF DEMOCRACY
34
MODELS OF DEMOCRACY (3)
1. PARTICIPATORY
2. PLURALISTS
3. ELITE
35
- is a model of democracy in which citizens have the power to make policy decisions. Participatory democracy emphasizes the broad participation of people in politics. Citizens can influence policy decisions, but do not make them.
1. Participatory Democracy
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o Town hall meetings are a way for local and national politicians to meet with constituents to hear their opinions on topics they are interested in or to discuss upcoming legislation.
PARTICPATORY DEMOCRACY
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o Initiatives and referendums are two ways in which local and state governments allow for citizens to influence policy decisions.
PARTICPATORY DEMOCRACY
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o An ____ is a process that allows citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed laws on the ballot.
INITIATIVE, (PARTICPATORY DEMOCRACY)
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o A ____, on the other hand, allows voters to approve or repeal an act of the state legislature.
popular referendum, (PARTICPATORY DEMOCRACY
40
- is a model of democracy in which no single group dominates politics and organized groups compete with each other to influence policy. In a pluralist democracy, individuals work through groups formed around common causes.
PLURALIST DEMOCRACY
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o Interest groups are groups of people who attempt to influence policymakers to support their position on a particular common interest or concern.
2. Pluralist Democracy
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o Interest groups are groups of people who attempt to influence policymakers to support their position on a particular common interest or concern.
2. Pluralist Democracy
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o Groups like the National Rifle Association (NRA) and the National Organization for Women (NOW) influence policymakers in many ways.
2. Pluralist Democracy
44
o Interest groups are an example of ____ because people join groups that are focused on issues that they care about.
pluralist democracy
45
- is a model of democracy in which a small number of people, usually those who are wealthy or well-educated, influence political decisionmaking. The elite democratic model argues that participation in politics should be limited to a small group of highly-informed individuals who can make the best decisions for all citizens.
3. Elite Democracy
46
o We can see the influence of ____ today in the structure of the Electoral College. Although the people popularly elect a presidential candidate, the Electoral College serves as a check on the potential tyranny of the majority.
3. Elite Democracy
47
o The Electoral College is an example of ____ because it places a small group in charge of making major political decisions, even if those decisions contradict the popular will.
elite democracy
48
DIMENSIONS OF TECHNOLOGY (8)
* Talent for analysis, design, implementation, and operation
* Understand how the existing system works
* Understand how the new system must work
* Capabilities in information economics
* Appropriate levels of financing
* Access to ICT hardware and software
* Adequate time resources
* Support and encouragement from key decision makers and influencers
49
This focuses on how well the technology delivers your content. It considers factors like interactivity, entertainment value, and catering to different learning styles. Not just the speed of delivering the content matters, but also how effectively it engages students.
1. Content Integration
50
This involves mastering the technology yourself. It includes researching similar tools, fully understanding the chosen tool's functionalities, and trying it out yourself before using it with students.
2. Knowledge Construction
51
This ensures all students can use the technology. It considers factors like access to the technology outside school and the time needed to train students effectively. Don't assume all students have the same tech skills or access.
3. Equity Pedagogy
52
This addresses resistance to change by offering proper training to students, staff, and parents. Everyone involved should be comfortable using the technology before it's required.
4. 4. Prejudice Reduction
53
This has two aspects. First, it encourages exploring the technology's broader societal applications and how it prepares students for future tasks. Second, it considers how the technology can be used for social learning and collaboration among students.
5. Empowering Social Culture
54
a set of interrelated components that collect or retrieve, process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization. Information systems can also be used to analyze problems, visualize complex subjects, and create new products.
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
55
An information system works in stages to create useful information for an organization (4)
1. input
2. processing
3. output
4. feedback
56
It gathers raw data from both internal and external sources.
input
57
transforms raw data into a meaningful format.
process
58
delivers the processed information to the relevant users or tasks.
output
59
Processed information is looped back to improve the data gathering stage (input)
feedback
60
gathers information about an organization and its surroundings, processes it, and delivers useful information to solve problems. It interacts with external factors like customers, suppliers, etc
Functions of an information system
61
: Understanding IS goes beyond just using the technology. It requires a broader understanding of the system's role in the organization, its management, and its technical aspects. The field of Management Information Systems (MIS) focuses on achieving this broader understanding.
Information Systems Literacy (Functions of an information system)
62
levels in a firm (3)
1. senior management (top)
2. middle management (middle)
3. operational management (bottom)
63
makes strategic decisions and oversees financial health
senior management
64
carries out senior management plans
middle management
64
monitors day to day activities
operational management
65
o often work with middle management.
* Knowledge wokers (scientists, engineers)
66
o handle administrative tasks.
* Data workers (secretaries)
67
o create the products or deliver services.
* Production workers
68
Businesses have core functions like sales & marketing, finance & accounting, etc.
IS serves each level of the hierarchy and supports these business functions.
Information System and Business Functions:
69
An organization's culture reflects its values and work practices.
IS can embody this culture, like a customer service tracking system reflecting a service-oriented culture.
Information System and Organizational Culture:
70
IS helps management understand challenges, create new products, manage the company, and even restructure it.
Information System and Management:
71
It's the foundation for a company's information systems.
Information Technology Infrastructure:
72
It consists of hardware, software, data management software, and networking technology.
Information Technology Infrastructure:
73
The internet connects various networks and uses universal standards.
Information Technology Infrastructure:
74
____ are internal corporate networks based on internet technology, while ____ extend access to authorized users outside the company.
Intranets and Extranets (Information Technology Infrastructure)
75
The ____ provides a way to access and display information on the internet.
World Wide Web (Information Technology Infrastructure):
76
Information systems (IS) are tools that use information to improve decision-making and business processes.
A business information value chain transforms raw data into valuable information.
The value of an IS is measured by its impact on better decisions, efficient processes, and increased profit.
Information System and Business Value:
77
From a business perspective, IS helps acquire, transform, and distribute information. This valuable information empowers managers to make better decisions, improve performance, and ultimately increase profits.
THE BUSINESS INFORMATION VALUE CHAIN
78
o To maximize the value of IT, businesses need complementary assets alongside the technology itself. These assets fall into three categories:
Importance of Complementary Assets:
79
o : Supportive culture, efficient processes, strong IS development team, etc.
Organizational assets (Importance of Complementary Assets)
80
o : Strong leadership for change, training programs, focus on teamwork, etc.
Managerial assets (Importance of Complementary Assets):
81
o : External factors like internet infrastructure, education systems, legal frameworks, etc.
Social assets ( Importance of Complementary Assets):
82
Importance of Complementary Assets: These assets fall into three categories:
1. organisational assets
2. managerial assets
3. social assets
83
o Companies that invest in these complementary assets along with IT see a better return on their investment.
o These investments in organization and management are also called organizational and management capital.
Investment in Complementary Assets Leads to Higher Returns:
84
ADVANTAGES, USES, AND MERITS OF TECHNOLOGY (10)
1. LIFE SAVER
2. COMMUNICATION MADE EASY
3. INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY
4. AIDS IN NEW DISCOVERIES
5. SECURED ENVIRONMENT
6. GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE ACCESS
7. TIME SAVER
8. EASE OF MOBILITY
9. COST-EFFICIENT
10. ENTERTAINMENT AND DATA STORAGE
85
Medical advancements due to technology have improved health outcomes and saved lives.
1. LIFE SAVER
86
Technology like computers, mobile phones, and the internet has revolutionized communication, making it faster, easier, and more effective.
2. COMMUNICATION MADE EASY
87
Technological advancements in machinery and processes have significantly boosted production rates across industries.
3. INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY
88
Technology plays a crucial role in scientific exploration and discovery.
4. AIDS IN NEW DISCOVERIES
89
Technology has enhanced security in various ways, from secure banking systems to surveillance cameras
5. SECURED ENVIRONMENT
90
The internet has made information from around the world readily available, fostering global connectivity and knowledge sharing.
6. GLOBAL KNOWLEDGE ACCESS
91
Technology saves time by enabling tasks to be completed much faster, from communication to financial transactions.
7. TIME SAVER
92
Technologies like vehicles and smartphones make our lives more convenient and mobile.
8. EASE OF MOBILITY
93
Technological advancements often lead to cost reductions by making products and services more efficient to produce or deliver.
9. COST-EFFICIENT
94
Technology plays a central role in modern entertainment and allows for easy data storage through devices and Tcloud storage.
10. ENTERTAINMENT AND DATA STORAGE
95
is the point of contact in a relationship.
Connection
96
A ____, or point of contact, in a relationship can take many forms. It might be your voice in my ear or a simple pat on the back from a loved one just when you need it the most.
connection
97
Compelling speeches, amusing emails, and irritating phone calls are all forms of ____; contact between you and someone who has – or wants to have – a relationship with you.
connection
98
views on relationships
1. traditional view of a relationship
2. relationship with the connection exposed
99
the line connecting person "a" and person "b" that line is the relationship
A-------------------------------B
1. traditional view of a relationship
100
The red square in the middle is the point of contact, the connection between person "a" and person "b"
A------><------B
2. relationship with the connection exposed
101
Not every attempt to connect results in a relationship. You can connect with someone without them necessarily wanting it, but it‘s hard to do that with a relationship. One might be able to get you to pick up the phone, answer the door or open your email but they can‘t force you to have a relationship with them.
Not all connections lead to relationships.
102
One of the main flame retardants to kindling a relationship happens early on when connections are still transactional and one party simply isn‘t providing much value in the exchange.
Reason for a failed relationship
103
This is an essential part of ____. In the end, what it really comes down to is practicing much of what you’ve been taught since you were kids.
engagement (Turning connections into relationships)
104
____ and building relationships are about meeting people halfway. Both sides have to reach out in order to meet each other.
engagement (Turning connections into relationships)
105
A ____ includes a group of people who cooperate with each other. This implies people working closely together and with some crossover or connection in their purpose.
network
106
is about recognizing and taking advantage of valuable relationships to get things done and to achieve a goal.
The importance of networking
107
It also involves working closely with other workers to be aware of potential and future needs or problems and devising strategies to address them.
The importance of networking
108
Through the process of ____ in issues in the workplace relationships and networks are established between people and workers in the organisation.
participation (Networking is related to participation.)
109
potentially build a sense of common destiny and support. Thus, they help to empower individuals and strengthen the work team and the organisation itself.
Networks (Networking is related to participation.)
110
Workers network to: (12)
1. Achieve outcomes
2. Establish credibility with relevant service providers
3. Advocate about issues
4. Maintaining contact with other professionals
5. Debrief about issues
6. Provide information about your own service and organisation
7. Establish new contacts who you may work with in the future
8. Have access to information about what other organisations are doing
9. Work collaboratively to better meet the needs of clients
10. Learn about the role, services and resources of other organisations
11. Support joint programs or activities
12. Provide information for policy development.
111
Networking can occur on a ____ or ____ basis.
formal or informal
112
o involve structured meetings or processes.
Formal networks
113
o If you work in the sterilization unit, your work team would be responsible for ensuring that the surgical instruments that come out of an operating theatre are logged, washed, disinfected, sterilized, packaged, logged again and stored.
Formal networks
114
o These networks may be internal or external networks.
Informal networks
115
o They are the relationships you develop and build up over time with and colleagues.
Informal networks
116
o These networks carry lots of information in the form of facts, gossip and rumor about issues affecting your work such as government policy initiatives, local developments or changes in services.
Informal networks
117
When you are a part of a network, it is vital to keep in mind that you are a representative of your organization. Your behavior should be professional, and you should ensure that the information you share and the message you communicate are appropriate and unambiguous. Since you are the face of your organization, the impression you create is of utmost importance.
Professionalism
118
Skills to network effectively (8)
1. Identify the problem
2. Collect data
3. Assess the data for relevance or importance
4. Identify and assess potential solutions
5. Identify additional information required
6. Sharing the information
7. Gathering information
8. Writing Letters
119
It is crucial in the networking process to have problem-solving skills that enable us to correctly identify issues. This ability allows us to be of assistance to our colleagues or work team. Therefore, the first step is to determine precisely what the problem is.
1. Identify the problem
120
To correctly understand and describe a problem, it is important to gather data or information about it. However, it is important to only collect data that is relevant to the issue, otherwise it may seem like you are prying. Basic information such as the person's name (if they are willing to share it) and their location will need to be collected.
2. Collect data
121
When you communicate with your colleagues, they may have several concerns depending on the complexity of the situation. However, it is important to assist them in identifying their top priority. You can do this by providing a starting point for the discussion.
3. Assess the data for relevance or importance
122
The next stage after collecting information and examining requirements is to determine feasible options and identify the most suitable one, which requires familiarity with available community services and research abilities. Various techniques for discovering available resources will be covered in this subject.
4. Identify and assess potential solutions
123
It's always a good idea to ask for more information or clarification if needed. This can help avoid misunderstandings and ensure that everyone is on the same page. Additionally, gathering more details can lead to more creative and effective solutions.
5. Identify additional information required
124
When presenting your team's suggestions to management, it's important to keep in mind their preferences and communication style. Make sure to prepare a concise and clear presentation that highlights the main points and benefits of each suggestion.
6. Sharing the information
125
Gathering information is an important skill in order to network effectively because it will minimize the potential mistakes that we might make while networking with others, thus making it easier to build relationships through networking
7. Gathering information
126
The ability to write an effective letter is essential for creating connections and initiating business relationships. To make a good impression, it is important to include only relevant information that directly serves the purpose of the letter.
8. Writing Letters
127
____ and ____ networks share some common characteristics. Both networks involve individuals who impact each other as members of a group. While humans form social networks, neurons form neural networks.
Neural and social networks
128
Humans communicate either through technology or their natural communication system, while neurons grow dendrites and axons to transmit and receive their messages. It is believed that neural and social network structures change at a much slower pace than the rate at which network components communicate.
Neural and social networks
129
In network models, connections between sites indicate how those sites influence each other. Such networks evolve and change over time based on the actions or decisions of their components. The system can be simplified to its basic variables, including sites, connections between them, and the rules they follow over time. Each site is connected to its neighbors through a single connection, and its level of activation is indicated by its states.
Grand Network Model
130
Many network structures are dynamic and change over time. Several existing models of network growth take into account the addition or removal of nodes and edges, as well as the preferential attachment or removal of those. However, as social and neural populations often have individuals who can directly influence others without being influenced back, one-way connections should be added to the regular lattice.
Network Growth Model
