Trial Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
What were the major causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s?
A
The major causes included the 1929 Stock Market Crash, industrial overproduction with stagnant wages, a widespread banking crisis, the restrictive Gold Standard, protectionist policies like the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, agricultural decline, high income inequality, and unresolved WWI war debts.
2
Q
What was the global impact of the Great Depression on industrialized nations?
A
Industrialized nations experienced peak unemployment (24.9% in the US, 30% in Germany), industrial output collapse (UK, France), and political instability. The US GDP shrank by 30%, and the UK devalued its currency.
3
Q
What was the global impact of the Great Depression on colonial nations?
A
Colonial nations faced commodity price crashes (e.g., Indian jute fell 60%), increased export dependency, forced austerity measures, and acceleration of nationalist movements.
4
Q
The global GDP fell by ___% during the Great Depression (1929-32).
A
15%
5
Q
Unemployment in the US peaked at ___% in 1933 during the Great Depression.
A
24.9%
6
Q
The US Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930) raised duties on 20,000 goods, slashing global trade by ___%.
A
65%
7
Q
List the main keywords related to the Great Depression of the 1930s.
A
- Stock Market Crash
- Overproduction
- Banking Crisis
- Gold Standard
- Protectionism
- Smoot-Hawley Tariff
- Agricultural Decline
- Income Inequality
- War Debts
- Unemployment
- Commodity Price Crash
- Export Dependency
- Austerity
- Nationalist Movements
- Keynesian Economics
- Social Security
- Sterling Bloc
- New Deal
- Public Works
8
Q
List the main issues of the Great Depression.
A
- Stock Market Crash
- Overproduction & Stagnant Wages
- Banking Crisis & Credit Loss
- Gold Standard Rigidity
- Protectionism & Trade Collapse
- Agricultural Price Crash
- High Income Inequality
- War Debts & Financial Instability
9
Q
List the main solutions adopted during the Great Depression.
A
- Social Security Nets (US)
- Currency Blocs (Sterling Bloc)
- Keynesian Deficit Spending
- Abandoning Gold Standard
- Agricultural Controls (US AAA)
- Reciprocal Trade Agreements
- Public Works Programs (New Deal, Autobahn)
10
Q
What are the lessons and extra points from the Great Depression relevant for today?
A
- Avoid protectionism and economic isolation
- Learn from 1930s tech nationalism parallels
- Importance of global cooperation
- Economic walls imprison their builders
- Modern policy: balance openness with safeguards
- Use of Keynesian tools in crises
- Social safety nets as buffers
11
Q
What are the key domains in which Dr. B.R. Ambedkar made significant contributions?
A
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar made significant contributions in social reform, economic thought, political philosophy, and institution building.
12
Q
How did Ambedkar contribute to social reform in India?
A
He led the anti-caste movement, championed women’s rights, promoted education, and inspired Dalit Panther movements.
Examples include Mahad Satyagraha, burning Manusmriti, drafting the Hindu Code Bill, and founding Siddhartha College.
13
Q
What were Ambedkar’s major economic ideas and actions?
A
He critiqued British fiscal policy, defended worker rights, and advocated for land redistribution and collective farming.
14
Q
Ambedkar’s recommendations in ___ shaped the structure of the Reserve Bank of India.
A
1926
15
Q
The Hindu Code Bill, drafted by Ambedkar in ___, advocated gender equality in inheritance and marriage.
A
1951
16
Q
Ambedkar’s efforts led to an increase in SC/ST literacy from ___% in 1951 to ___% in 2011.
A
10%; 71%
17
Q
List the main keywords related to Ambedkar’s contributions.
A
- Anti-Caste Movement,
- Mahad Satyagraha,
- Manusmriti Burning,
- Hindu Code Bill,
- Siddhartha College,
- Dalit Panthers,
- The Problem of the Rupee,
- Worker Rights,
- Land Redistribution,
- Annihilation of Caste,
- Constitutional Morality,
- Democratic Socialism,
- Reserve Bank of India,
- Labor Courts,
- Social Justice,
- Economic Inclusion,
- Basic Structure Doctrine.
18
Q
List the main issues related to Ambedkar’s legacy.
A
- Caste Discrimination Persistence
- Dilution of Hindu Code Bill
- License Raj Inefficiencies
- Limited Implementation of Reforms
19
Q
List the main solutions or interventions by Ambedkar.
A
- Constitutional Safeguards
- Affirmative Action (Reservations)
- Social Justice Legislation
- State Intervention in Economy
- Institution Building (RBI, Labor Courts)
20
Q
What are the lessons and extra points from Ambedkar’s legacy relevant for today?
A
- Justice requires legal, economic, and cultural interventions
- Social endosmosis as a vision for equity
- Welfare schemes reflect Ambedkar’s vision
- Basic structure doctrine upholds constitutional resilience
- Interdisciplinary approach to social justice
21
Q
What are the main challenges faced by working women in India?
A
Working women in India face a dual burden of paid work and unpaid domestic duties, gender pay gap, prevalence in informal sector jobs, workplace and public safety concerns, work-life imbalance, skill deficits, and limited maternity support.
page 3
22
Q
How does the dual burden affect the professional growth of working women in India?
A
The dual burden of paid employment and unpaid domestic work (7.5 hours/day on average) limits professional growth, causes burnout, and discourages long-term career pursuit.
page 3
23
Q
What are some measures suggested to address the challenges faced by working women in India?
A
Suggested measures include expanding childcare infrastructure, enforcing equal pay, promoting flexible work policies, ensuring compliance with safety and harassment laws, and linking skill development programs to formal employment.
page 3
24
Q
Despite rising female workforce participation, Indian working women spend ___ minutes daily on household chores vs ___ minutes by men.
A
305 minutes; 86 minutes
page 3
25
Women earn ___% of men's wages despite equal qualifications.
76%
## Footnote
page 3
26
___% of women work in informal roles without social security or maternity benefits.
90%
## Footnote
page 3
27
List the main keywords related to challenges for working women in India.
* Dual Burden,
* Gender Pay Gap,
* Informal Sector,
* Workplace Safety,
* Public Place Safety,
* Work-Life Imbalance,
* Skill Deficit,
* Maternity Support,
* Childcare Infrastructure,
* Equal Pay,
* Flexible Work,
* POSH Act,
* Stand-Up India Mission,
* Iceland Case Study.
## Footnote
page 3
28
List the main issues faced by working women.
- Unpaid Domestic Burden
- Gender Pay Gap
- Informal Sector Jobs
- Workplace/Public Safety
- Work-Life Imbalance
- Skill Deficit
- Limited Maternity Support
## Footnote
page 3
29
List the main solutions to support working women.
- Expand Childcare Infrastructure
- Enforce Equal Pay
- Promote Flexible Work Policies
- Ensure Safety & Harassment Law Compliance
- Link Skill Development to Formal Jobs
## Footnote
page 3
30
What are some extra points and lessons from global best practices?
- Learn from Iceland: Parental leave, subsidized childcare, flexible work rights
- Fast-track harassment case resolutions
- Integrate vocational training with employment missions
- Promote gender-inclusive corporate policies
- Use data-driven monitoring for policy impact
## Footnote
page 3-4
31
What is the significance of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BPfA)?
The BPfA, adopted in 1995, is a transformative blueprint for gender equality, addressing 12 critical areas from education to political participation and guiding global and national reforms.
## Footnote
page 4
32
What are some key achievements of the BPfA globally and in India?
Key achievements include spurring 1,583 anti-GBV laws globally, increasing women’s parliamentary participation, boosting economic inclusion through microfinance, reducing the global primary education gender gap, and guiding SDG 5.
## Footnote
page 4
33
What are the main limitations of the BPfA?
Limitations include implementation gaps, intersectional exclusion, lack of climate focus, data deficits, funding shortfalls, and the digital divide affecting women’s access to the internet.
## Footnote
page 4
34
The global primary education gender gap reduced from ___ to ___ (GPI index, 1995–2020).
0.92 to 0.97
## Footnote
page 4
35
Only ___% of Indian women use the internet vs. ___% of men (ITU, 2023).
21%; 42%
## Footnote
page 4
36
Microfinance initiatives like India’s SHGs have over ___ million members.
100+ million
## Footnote
page 4
37
List the main keywords related to the BPfA.
* Beijing Declaration,
* Platform for Action,
* Gender Equality,
* Anti-GBV Laws,
* Political Empowerment,
* Microfinance,
* SHGs,
* Education Gains,
* Maternal Mortality,
* SDG 5,
* Implementation Gaps,
* Intersectionality,
* Climate Blindspot,
* Digital Divide,
* Gender Budgeting,
* Tech Integration,
* Legal Accountability.
## Footnote
page 4
38
List the main issues/limitations of the BPfA in crisp bullet points.
- Implementation Gaps
- Intersectional Exclusion
- Climate Blindspot
- Data Deficits
- Funding Shortfalls
- Digital Divide
## Footnote
page 4
39
List the main solutions/enhancements for BPfA in crisp bullet points.
- Scale Gender Budgeting
- Integrate Technology for GBV Tracking
- Mandate Gender Audits in Climate Action
- Strengthen Legal Accountability
- Boost STEM Access for Girls
- Reserve SDG Funds for Marginalized Women
## Footnote
page 4
40
What are some extra points and lessons for advancing gender equality?
- Gender-responsive climate action is essential
- Empower women leaders for sustainable progress
- Use AI for real-time policy tracking
- Mandate penalties for non-compliance
- Promote intersectional and inclusive policies
## Footnote
page 4
41
Why is permanent in-situ settlement important for tribal populations in India?
Permanent in-situ settlement is crucial for cultural preservation, livelihood security, ecological stewardship, conflict prevention, constitutional compliance, public health, and economic efficiency for tribal populations.
## Footnote
[page 5]
42
What are some key measures taken to safeguard tribal rights and promote inclusive development?
Measures include health initiatives (PVTG Mission), institutional mechanisms (National Commission for STs), legal frameworks (Forest Rights Act, PESA Act), land protection (Samata Judgement), economic empowerment (Van Dhan Vikas Yojana), and education (Eklavya Model Schools).
## Footnote
[page 5]
43
What are the main challenges faced by tribal populations regarding in-situ settlement?
Challenges include land alienation, bureaucratic resistance, legal contradictions, insufficient awareness of rights, and the digital divide.
## Footnote
[page 5]
44
India’s tribal people constitute ___% of the population and face ___% of development-induced displacement.
8.6%; 40%
## Footnote
[page 5]
45
Only ___% of tribals displaced for projects since 1980 received compensation.
25%
## Footnote
[page 5]
46
___% of tribal households lack internet for e-governance.
72%
## Footnote
[page 5]
47
List the main keywords related to in-situ settlement of tribal populations.
* In-Situ Settlement,
* Cultural Preservation,
* Livelihood Security,
* Ecological Stewardship,
* Conflict Prevention,
* Fifth Schedule,
* PESA,
* Forest Rights Act,
* Land Alienation,
* Bureaucratic Resistance,
* Digital Divide,
* Van Dhan Vikas Yojana,
* Eklavya Model Schools,
* Samata Judgement,
* PVTG Mission, NCST.
## Footnote
[page 5]
48
List the main issues faced by tribal populations.
- Land Alienation
- Bureaucratic Resistance
- Legal Contradictions
- Insufficient Awareness
- Digital Divide
## Footnote
[page 5]
49
List the main solutions/interventions for tribal rights.
- Legal Reforms (Amend FRA for habitat rights)
- Expand Tribal Councils
- Blockchain-based Land Records
- Community-led Ecotourism
- AI-powered Multilingual Education
- Strengthen NCST & Tribal Research Institutes
## Footnote
[page 5]
50
What are some extra points and lessons for inclusive tribal development?
- Aligns with UN SDGs (No Poverty, Reduced Inequalities, Life on Land)
- Community participation is key
- Use technology for transparency and empowerment
- Focus on habitat rights for PVTGs
- Independent evaluation of policy impacts
## Footnote
[page 5]
51
What is the paradox between women's educational attainment and employment in India?
Despite rising female literacy (71.5% as per NFHS-5), India's female labor force participation remains low (24% in 2022), revealing deep-rooted gender biases in household and societal roles.
## Footnote
[page 6]
52
What are the main social challenges hindering women’s employment in India?
Challenges include patriarchal norms, unpaid domestic work, safety concerns, glass ceiling effect, double burden syndrome, marriage & motherhood penalty, limited mobility, and low political representation.
## Footnote
[page 6]
53
What measures are needed to address the social challenges hindering women’s employment?
Measures include promoting shared domestic responsibility, expanding affordable childcare, strengthening anti-harassment laws, encouraging flexible work policies, and gender sensitization in education.
## Footnote
[page 6]
54
___% of families restrict women’s jobs post-marriage (NFHS-5).
60%
## Footnote
[page 6]
55
Women spend ___ hrs/day on unpaid work vs. men’s ___ hrs (OECD).
4.8 hrs; 1.5 hrs
## Footnote
[page 6]
56
Only ___% of women are allowed to travel alone (NFHS-5).
54%
## Footnote
[page 6]
57
List the main keywords related to social challenges in women’s employment.
* Patriarchal Norms,
* Unpaid Domestic Work,
* Safety Concerns,
* Glass Ceiling,
* Double Burden Syndrome,
* Marriage & Motherhood Penalty,
* Limited Mobility,
* Political Representation,
* Paternity Leave,
* Anganwadi,
* POSH Act,
* Flexible Work,
* Gender Sensitization,
* Kudumbashree Mission.
## Footnote
[page 6]
58
List the main issues hindering women’s employment in crisp bullet points.
- Patriarchal Norms
- Unpaid Domestic Work
- Safety Concerns
- Glass Ceiling Effect
- Double Burden Syndrome
- Marriage & Motherhood Penalty
- Limited Mobility
- Low Political Representation
## Footnote
[page 6]
59
List the main solutions to improve women’s employment in crisp bullet points.
- Promote Shared Domestic Responsibility
- Expand Affordable Childcare
- Strengthen Anti-Harassment Laws
- Encourage Flexible Work Policies
- Gender Sensitization in Education
## Footnote
[page 6]
60
What are some extra points and lessons for bridging the education-employment divide for women?
- Kerala’s Kudumbashree Mission: Boosted female entrepreneurship by 32% in a decade
- AI-powered multilingual education for empowerment
- Policy voices for women’s employment need strengthening
- Dismantling social norms is as important as structural reforms
- “When women move forward, the nation moves” – Jawaharlal Nehru
## Footnote
[page 6]
61
What recent Supreme Court judgment highlighted issues with the Governor's role in the legislative process?
The Supreme Court's ruling struck down the Tamil Nadu Governor's withholding of 10 bills, highlighting tensions between constitutional propriety and political interference in India's federal structure.
## Footnote
page 8
62
What are the main powers and functions of a State Governor in the legislative process?
The Governor is the constitutional head, has powers regarding bills (assent, return, reserve for President), limited discretionary powers, acts as a federal bridge, and must act on the advice of Ministers except in specific circumstances.
## Footnote
page 9
63
What are the main issues arising from the Governor's role in the legislative process?
Issues include indefinite delays in assenting to bills, partisan actions, overreach in policy matters, lack of veto power but rejection of bills, undermining federalism, and lack of accountability due to immunity.
## Footnote
page 8
64
The Tamil Nadu Governor held bills for over ___ years; Kerala faced similar delays on ___ bills.
2+ years; 8 bills
## Footnote
page 8
65
___% of Governors are ex-BJP leaders (Centre-State Relations Report 2023).
90%
## Footnote
page 8
66
The Supreme Court clarified Governors have only ___ options on bills: assent, withhold with return, or reserve for President.
Three options
## Footnote
page 9
67
List the main keywords related to the Governor’s legislative role.
* Assent to Bills,
* Returning Bills,
* Ordinance Power,
* Constitutional Duty,
* Discretionary Power,
* Presidential Reference,
* Money Bills Assent,
* Time-Bound Decisions,
* Article 163,
* Article 200,
* Federalism,
* Judicial Review,
* Constitutional Guardian.
## Footnote
pages 8-9
68
List the main issues with the Governor’s legislative role in crisp bullet points.
- Indefinite Delays
- Partisan Actions
- Overreach in Reservation
- No Absolute Veto
- Undermining Federalism
- Lack of Accountability
## Footnote
page 8
69
List the main solutions/recommendations for the Governor’s legislative role in crisp bullet points.
- Time-Bound Decisions (4-week deadline)
- Judicial Oversight
- Depoliticization of Appointments
- Transparency Portal for Bill Status
- Written Reasons for Withholding Assent
- Clarify Criteria for Presidential Reservation
- Constitutional Training for Governors
## Footnote
page 8
70
What are some extra points and lessons for restoring federal balance?
- Codified timeframes for Governor’s actions
- Strengthened judicial review
- Appointment reforms for neutrality
- Cooperative federalism through dialogue
- SC’s TN verdict: Governors must act as “friends, not obstructionists”
## Footnote
pages 9-10
71
What is the constitutional mandate regarding the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha?
Article 93 mandates the urgent election of a Deputy Speaker to ensure continuity and balance in Lok Sabha functioning.
## Footnote
[page 10]
72
What are the main reasons for the prolonged vacancy in the Deputy Speaker’s office?
Reasons include political expediency, erosion of conventions, ambiguous timeline (“as soon as may be”), reduced functional urgency, judicial hesitation, and lack of public awareness.
## Footnote
[page 10]
73
What are the main concerns arising from the prolonged vacancy in the Deputy Speaker’s office?
Concerns include constitutional breach, weakened checks and balances, undermining of opposition, reduced impartial leadership in committees, crisis response weakening, and negative public perception.
## Footnote
[page 11]
74
The Deputy Speaker post has remained vacant since ___?
2019
## Footnote
[page 10]
75
Only ___% of Deputy Speaker posts have been offered to the opposition since 2014?
(This specific data is not directly given, but the text notes a decline in bipartisan traditions post-2014.)
## Footnote
[page 10]
76
The Rules of Procedure should mandate election of Deputy Speaker within ___ days of House constitution?
30 days
## Footnote
[page 11]
77
List the main keywords related to the Deputy Speaker’s office.
* Article 93,
* Deputy Speaker,
* Constitutional Mandate,
* Non-partisan Role,
* Bipartisan Consensus,
* Checks and Balances,
* Committee Functioning,
* Crisis Response,
* Public Perception,
* Justiciable Position,
* International Norms.
## Footnote
[pages 10-11]
78
List the main issues with the Deputy Speaker’s vacancy.
- Political Expediency
- Erosion of Conventions
- Ambiguous Timeline
- Reduced Functional Urgency
- Judicial Hesitation
- Lack of Public Awareness
## Footnote
[page 10]
79
List the main solutions/recommendations for the Deputy Speaker’s vacancy.
- Codify Timeline (30 days)
- Statutorily Reserve Post for Opposition
- Judicial Clarification of “Reasonable Time”
- Make Position Justiciable
- Adopt International Best Practices
## Footnote
[page 11]
80
What are some extra points and lessons for upholding institutional integrity?
- Deputy Speaker’s role is “the grammar of constitutional morality” (Ambedkar)
- Immediate corrective action needed
- Uphold opposition rights
- Learn from UK and South African models
- Strengthen democratic accountability
## Footnote
[page 11]
81
What is the significance of the Right to Information (RTI) Act in India?
The RTI Act is a cornerstone of transparency and accountability, empowering citizens, exposing corruption, improving service delivery, enhancing transparency in public spending, and increasing accountability in administration.
## Footnote
page 11
82
What recent measures have diluted the effectiveness of the RTI Act?
Recent measures include abolishing fixed tenures for Information Commissioners (ICs), increased procedural delays, financial barriers, digital exclusion, deteriorating safety for activists, demographic disparity in usage, and a drop in global RTI ratings.
## Footnote
pages 11-12
83
What are the critical impacts of the dilution measures on the RTI Act?
Impacts include erosion of institutional independence, increased appeal disposal time, information asymmetry, financial and digital barriers, safety risks for activists, and a decline in international reputation.
## Footnote
page 12
84
The average appeal disposal time increased from ___ to ___ days post-2019 amendments.
90 to 320 days
## Footnote
page 12
85
India fell from #___ to #___ in Global RTI ratings (2023).
#1 to #8
## Footnote
page 12
86
___% of rural applicants lack access to online RTI portals (NSSO 2021).
72%
## Footnote
page 12
87
List the main keywords related to the RTI Act.
* Transparency,
* Accountability,
* Citizen Empowerment,
* Corruption Exposure,
* Legal Backing,
* Service Delivery,
* Public Spending,
* Information Commissioners,
* Procedural Delays,
* Digital Divide,
* Whistleblower Protection,
* Blockchain,
* Grassroots Training.
## Footnote
pages 11-12
88
List the main issues with the RTI Act in crisp bullet points.
- Erosion of Institutional Independence
- Procedural Delays
- Information Asymmetry
- Financial & Digital Barriers
- Safety Risks for Activists
- Demographic Disparity
- Decline in Global Reputation
## Footnote
pages 11-12
89
List the main solutions/recommendations for strengthening the RTI Act in crisp bullet points.
- Grant Constitutional Status to ICs
- Mandatory Appointment Timelines
- Expedite Whistleblower Protection
- Criminalize Wilful Information Denial
- Use Blockchain for Records
- Grassroots Training Initiatives
## Footnote
page 12
90
What are some extra points and lessons for the future of RTI?
- Balance privacy with transparency
- Legislative clarity and administrative efficiency
- Panchayat-level training for awareness
- Tamper-proof digital records (Estonia model)
- RTI as a vital tool for democratic accountability
## Footnote
page 12
91
What is the role of judicial review in upholding the constitutional objectives enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution?
Judicial review under Articles 32 and 226 ensures that legislative and executive actions align with the Preamble's ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity, serving as the cornerstone of constitutional democracy.
## Footnote
page 12
92
Give examples of how judicial review has protected fundamental rights and social justice in India.
Examples include striking down Section 377 (Navtej Singh Johar, 2018), mandating NEET exemption for Tamil Nadu, striking down Triple Talaq (Shayara Bano, 2017), recognizing women's right to worship (Sabarimala, 2018), and enforcing CNG for Delhi transport (M.C. Mehta, 1998).
## Footnote
pages 12-13
93
What are the main limitations of judicial review in India?
Limitations include concerns of judicial overreach, delayed justice, implementation gaps, dependence on litigation, political backlash, and lack of accountability for unelected judges.
## Footnote
page 13
94
Judicial review is primarily exercised under Articles ___ and ___ of the Indian Constitution.
32 and 226
## Footnote
page 12
95
The Ayodhya dispute took over ___ years to resolve, highlighting delayed justice.
60+ years
## Footnote
page 13
96
Only ___% of PMJAY empanelled hospitals meet NQAS standards (related to judicial review in health).
(This specific data is not directly given in the judicial review section, but health-related judicial review is mentioned.)
## Footnote
page 16
97
List the main keywords related to judicial review and the Preamble.
* Judicial Review,
* Preamble,
* Fundamental Rights,
* Social Justice,
* Secularism,
* Gender Equality,
* Federalism,
* Environmental Protection,
* Judicial Overreach,
* Delayed Justice,
* PILs,
* Constitutional Bench,
* Prospective Overruling.
## Footnote
pages 12-13
98
List the main issues/limitations of judicial review in crisp bullet points.
- Overreach Concerns
- Delayed Justice
- Implementation Gaps
- Dependence on Litigation
- Political Backlash
- Lack of Accountability
## Footnote
page 13
99
List the main solutions/recommendations for strengthening judicial review in crisp bullet points.
- Time-Bound Decisions (6-month deadlines)
- Enhanced Enforcement Mechanisms
- Doctrine of Prospective Overruling
- Legislative-Executive Compliance Mechanism
- Wider Use of Constitutional Benches
## Footnote
page 13
100
What are some extra points and lessons for the future of judicial review?
- Judicial review is a pillar of federalism and accountability
- Timely reforms are vital for impartiality and effectiveness
- Institutional follow-up ensures compliance
- Use of AI and dashboards for monitoring judgments
- Strengthen the judiciary’s role in upholding constitutional aspirations
## Footnote
page 13
101
What is the main objective of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)?
The main objective of JJM, launched in 2019, is to provide 'Har Ghar Jal'—tap water supply to every rural household in India.
## Footnote
[page 13]
102
What are the key structural and operational challenges faced by JJM?
Challenges include funding gaps, last-mile connectivity issues, water quality failures, groundwater depletion, maintenance failures, weak state capacity, and climate risks.
## Footnote
[page 13]
103
What measures are needed to address the challenges in JJM implementation?
Measures include enhancing fiscal support, strengthening Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSC), improving water source management, using real-time monitoring tools, leveraging PPP/CSR for maintenance, and institutionalizing social audits.
## Footnote
[page 14]
104
The EFC approved only ₹___ crore for JJM against the ₹___ crore demanded for 2021-26.
₹60,000 crore; ₹2.8 lakh crore
## Footnote
[page 13]
105
___% of water samples failed to meet BIS standards in 2023.
22%
## Footnote
[page 13]
106
___% of JJM tap connections were found non-functional in 2023.
18%
## Footnote
[page 13]
107
List the main keywords related to Jal Jeevan Mission.
* Har Ghar Jal,
* Tap Water Supply,
* Rural Households,
* Funding Gap,
* Last-Mile Connectivity,
* Water Quality,
* Groundwater Depletion,
* Maintenance,
* VWSC,
* Real-Time Monitoring,
* PPP,
* CSR,
* Social Audit,
* Climate Risks,
* Decentralized Governance.
## Footnote
[pages 13-14]
108
List the main issues with JJM in crisp bullet points.
- Funding Gaps
- Last-Mile Connectivity
- Water Quality Failures
- Groundwater Depletion
- Maintenance Failures
- Weak State Capacity
- Climate Risks
## Footnote
[page 13]
109
List the main solutions/recommendations for JJM in crisp bullet points.
- Enhance Fiscal Support
- Strengthen VWSC Capacity
- Improve Water Source Management
- Use Real-Time Monitoring Tools
- Leverage PPP/CSR for Maintenance
- Institutionalize Social Audits
- Focus on Long-Term Water Security
## Footnote
[page 14]
110
What are some extra points and lessons for sustainable water supply?
- Decentralized governance for local solutions
- Climate-smart water management
- Community participation is key
- Integration with WASH and health programs
- Continuous evaluation and grievance redressal
## Footnote
[page 14]
111
What is the main aim of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020?
The NEP 2020 aims to transform India’s education system to global standards by focusing on holistic, multidisciplinary, and skill-based learning, inclusion, and digital integration.
## Footnote
[page 14]
112
What are the key reforms introduced by NEP 2020?
Key reforms include the 5+3+3+4 structure, mother-tongue instruction, vocational focus (targeting 50% students), multiple entry-exit in higher education, Academic Bank of Credits, digital push (DIKSHA), teacher training (NISHTHA), Gender Inclusion Fund, and regulatory streamlining.
## Footnote
[page 14]
113
What are the main implementation challenges for NEP 2020?
Challenges include infrastructure and funding gaps, teacher retraining needs, digital divide, socioeconomic barriers, bureaucratic hurdles, stagnant education spending, lack of standardized quality monitoring, and vocational stigma.
## Footnote
[page 15]
114
India’s education spending is ___% of GDP vs the recommended ___%.
3%; 6%
## Footnote
[page 15]
115
Only ___% of rural schools have functional computers (UDISE 2023).
28%
## Footnote
[page 15]
116
The dropout rate for SC/ST girls at secondary level is ___%.
23%
## Footnote
[page 15]
117
List the main keywords related to NEP 2020 and Indian education reforms.
* NEP 2020,
* 5+3+3+4 Structure,
* Multilingualism,
* Vocational Education,
* Academic Bank of Credits,
* DIKSHA,
* NISHTHA,
* Gender Inclusion Fund,
* Digital Divide,
* Teacher Training,
* PPP,
* CSR,
* Outcome Budgeting,
* Industry-Academia Linkages.
## Footnote
[pages 14-15]
118
List the main issues with NEP 2020 implementation in crisp bullet points.
- Infrastructure Gaps
- Funding Shortfalls
- Teacher Capacity Needs
- Digital Divide
- Socioeconomic Barriers
- Bureaucratic Hurdles
- Stagnant Spending
- Lack of Quality Monitoring
- Vocational Stigma
## Footnote
[page 15]
119
List the main solutions/recommendations for NEP 2020 in crisp bullet points.
- Leverage PPP/CSR for Infrastructure
- Decentralized Curriculum Tailoring
- Tech Equity Initiatives
- Teacher Incentives
- Outcome Budgeting
- Community Mobilization
- Industry-Academia Apprenticeships
- Continuous Evaluation via AI
## Footnote
[page 15]
120
What are some extra points and lessons for education reform?
- Focus on foundational literacy and numeracy
- Promote digital and vocational skills
- Community and industry partnerships
- Data-driven monitoring for outcomes
- Inclusive and flexible learning pathways
## Footnote
[page 15]
121
What are the main objectives of India's health and sanitation initiatives like Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)?
The main objectives are to improve public health outcomes by building toilets (SBM), achieving ODF Plus status, providing tap water (JJM), saving women's time, and reducing diarrheal deaths.
## Footnote
page 15
122
List key measures taken for equitable universal health in India.
Key measures include SBM (toilets, ODF Plus), JJM (tap water), Ayushman Bharat-PMJAY (health insurance), National Health Mission (rural healthcare), PM-ABHIM (infrastructure upgrade), Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (digital health IDs), Sujal-Swachh Gaon Campaign (WASH integration), skilling health officers, hospital accreditation, telemedicine, behavioral campaigns, decentralized planning, convergence models, and gender equity in health roles.
## Footnote
page 15
123
What are the main challenges faced by India's health and sanitation sector?
Challenges include infrastructure gaps (PHCs lacking diagnostics), healthcare workforce shortage, quality assurance issues, behavioral resistance to sanitation, funding constraints (3% GDP vs 6% target), digital divide, and fragmented governance.
## Footnote
page 16
124
What percentage of PHCs lack diagnostic facilities in India?
40% of PHCs lack diagnostic facilities.
## Footnote
page 16
125
What is the doctor-population ratio in India compared to the WHO norm?
India's doctor-population ratio is 1:1500, below the WHO norm of 1:1000.
## Footnote
page 16
126
What percentage of Ayushman Bharat empanelled hospitals meet NQAS standards?
Only 18% of Ayushman Bharat empanelled hospitals meet NQAS standards.
## Footnote
page 16
127
List the main keywords related to health and sanitation initiatives in India.
* Swachh Bharat Mission,
* Jal Jeevan Mission,
* Ayushman Bharat,
* National Health Mission,
* PM-ABHIM,
* Digital Health IDs,
* Sujal-Swachh Gaon,
* WASH,
* Telemedicine,
* NABH,
* Gender Equity,
* Decentralized Planning,
* Convergence Models.
## Footnote
page 15
128
List the main issues in India's health and sanitation sector in crisp bullet points.
- Infrastructure Gaps
- Workforce Shortage
- Quality Assurance Issues
- Behavioral Resistance
- Funding Constraints
- Digital Divide
- Fragmented Governance
## Footnote
page 16
129
List the main solutions/recommendations for improving health and sanitation in India in crisp bullet points.
- Boost funding to 6% GDP
- Mandate NABH certification
- Deploy 5G telemedicine
- Integrate WASH-Nutrition
- Strengthen PHCs
- Social audits and grievance redressal
- Gender equity in health workforce
## Footnote
page 16
130
What are some extra points and lessons for sustainable health and sanitation outcomes in India?
- Community participation is key
- Focus on behavioral change
- Use technology for monitoring
- Integrate health, water, and sanitation policies
- Continuous evaluation and feedback loops
## Footnote
page 16
131
What is the significance of universal immunization in India?
Universal immunization is crucial for reducing infant mortality, preventing diseases, boosting economic productivity, enhancing pandemic preparedness, supporting SDG goals, promoting social equity, empowering women, and utilizing the demographic dividend.
## Footnote
page 16
132
List key measures taken to improve immunization coverage in India.
Measures include Mission Indradhanush, eVIN (digitized vaccine logistics), U-WIN (real-time tracking), Community of Practice (CoP-D) to combat hesitancy, strengthening cold chains, and PM-JAY convergence.
## Footnote
page 16
133
What are the main challenges faced by universal immunization in India?
Challenges include last-mile gaps for migrant/tribal communities, vaccine hesitancy, funding constraints, cold chain issues, manpower shortages, and lower coverage in urban slums.
## Footnote
page 17
134
What percentage of children in India are fully immunized as of 2023?
93% of children are fully immunized as of 2023.
## Footnote
page 16
135
What percentage of ASHA workers report vaccine hesitancy as a major challenge?
42% of ASHA workers report vaccine hesitancy as a major challenge.
## Footnote
page 17
136
What percentage of cold chain points in India are solar-powered?
18% of cold chain points are solar-powered.
## Footnote
page 17
137
List the main keywords related to universal immunization in India.
* Universal Immunization,
* Mission Indradhanush,
* eVIN,
* U-WIN,
* Cold Chain,
* Vaccine Hesitancy,
* ASHA Workers,
* PM-JAY,
* Social Equity,
* Pandemic Preparedness,
* SDG Goals.
## Footnote
page 16
138
List the main issues in universal immunization in India in crisp bullet points.
- Last-Mile Delivery Gaps
- Vaccine Hesitancy
- Funding Constraints
- Cold Chain Issues
- Manpower Shortages
- Urban Slum Coverage Gaps
## Footnote
page 17
139
List the main solutions/recommendations for improving immunization in India in crisp bullet points.
- Mobile Immunization Units
- Increased Budget Allocation
- Strengthen ASHA Workforce
- Behavioral Nudges
- Improve Cold Chain Reliability
- Regular Monitoring and Evaluation
## Footnote
page 17
140
What are some extra points and lessons for sustainable immunization outcomes in India?
- Community engagement is vital
- Use of technology for tracking and logistics
- Integration with maternal and child health programs
- Focus on equity for marginalized groups
- Continuous awareness campaigns
## Footnote
page 17
141
What is the current context of India-China relations as they mark 75 years of diplomatic ties?
India and China are at a defining moment, requiring peaceful coexistence, shared prosperity, and mutual strategic respect, with their relationship characterized by competitive coexistence.
## Footnote
[page 17]
142
What are the key measures required to maintain healthy and stable bilateral relationships between India and China?
Measures include border peace mechanisms (disengagement talks, reviving CBMs), trade rebalancing (addressing deficit via Pharma/IT exports), multilateral cooperation (climate, BRICS, SDGs), cultural diplomacy (Buddhist tourism, scholarships), tech partnerships (AI/EVs), maritime security cooperation, and dispute management (hotlines, SCO platforms).
## Footnote
[pages 17-18]
143
What are the main challenges in India-China relations?
Challenges include territorial disputes (LAC friction points), trade asymmetry (large deficit, import dependency), strategic encirclement (CPEC, naval bases), ecological disputes (Brahmaputra dams), global rivalry (UNSC bids, Ukraine stance), and a significant trust deficit.
## Footnote
[pages 17-18]
144
What is meant by 'competitive coexistence' in the context of India-China relations?
It refers to a relationship where both countries balance competition and cooperation, using strategic ambiguity, balancing trade with tensions, technological rivalry, countering regional influence, narrative building, and hydro-diplomacy.
## Footnote
[pages 17-18]
145
What is the current trade deficit between India and China?
The trade deficit is $101 billion.
## Footnote
[page 17]
146
What are some examples of multilateral cooperation between India and China?
Examples include collaboration in climate negotiations, BRICS, and SDG initiatives.
## Footnote
[page 17]
147
List the main keywords related to India-China relations.
Border Peace, Trade Deficit, Multilateral Cooperation, Cultural Diplomacy, Tech Partnerships, Maritime Security, Dispute Management, Strategic Encirclement, Trust Deficit, Competitive Coexistence, Hydro-Diplomacy.
## Footnote
[pages 17-18]
148
List the main issues in India-China relations in crisp bullet points.
- Territorial Disputes
- Trade Asymmetry
- Strategic Encirclement
- Ecological Disputes
- Global Rivalry
- Trust Deficit
## Footnote
[pages 17-18]
149
List the main solutions/recommendations for improving India-China relations in crisp bullet points.
- Upgrade military readiness
- Diversify economy (PLI, IMEC)
- Maintain diplomatic guardrails
- Proactive regional engagement
- Leverage multilateral platforms
- Maintain strategic autonomy
## Footnote
[pages 17-18]
150
What are some extra points and lessons for managing India-China relations?
- Balance between competition and cooperation is key
- Narrative building and cultural diplomacy can reduce tensions
- Strategic autonomy allows flexibility in foreign policy
- Multilateral engagement strengthens India’s position
- Continuous dialogue is essential for stability
## Footnote
[pages 17-18]
151
What is BIMSTEC and why is it significant for India and the region?
BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) connects South and Southeast Asia, offering potential for economic integration, security cooperation, and advancing India's Act East Policy.
## Footnote
[page 18]
152
What are the main challenges faced by BIMSTEC as a regional organization?
Challenges include institutional weakness (no permanent secretariat until 2024), political instability in member states, low intra-regional trade, non-binding agreements, security concerns, and ASEAN overlap.
## Footnote
[page 18]
153
What role does India play in strengthening BIMSTEC cooperation?
India leads in infrastructure (Sittwe Port, Kaladan Corridor), trade facilitation (FTA, Line of Credit), security (military exercises), and cultural diplomacy (Buddhist Conclave), and hosts Centres of Excellence.
## Footnote
[page 19]
154
What were the key outcomes of the 6th BIMSTEC Summit (2025)?
Outcomes included adopting the Bangkok Vision 2030, establishing Centres of Excellence, launching a DPI pilot (UPI link), BODHI skill program, Cancer Care Network proposal, advancing FTA talks, BIMSTEC Games, and accelerating the Trilateral Highway.
## Footnote
[page 20]
155
BIMSTEC intra-regional trade is only ___% of total trade.
5%
## Footnote
[page 18]
156
BIMSTEC's budget is just $___ million (2024).
$2 million
## Footnote
[page 18]
157
The 6th BIMSTEC Summit was held in ___ (year and city).
2025, Bangkok
## Footnote
[page 20]
158
List the main keywords related to BIMSTEC.
BIMSTEC, Act East Policy, Economic Integration, Security Cooperation, Sittwe Port, Kaladan Corridor, FTA, Centres of Excellence, BODHI, DPI, Trilateral Highway, Bangkok Vision 2030, Cancer Care Network.
## Footnote
[page 18]
159
List the main issues with BIMSTEC in crisp bullet points.
- Institutional Weakness
- Political Instability
- Low Intra-Regional Trade
- Security Concerns
- ASEAN Overlap
## Footnote
[page 18]
160
List the main solutions/recommendations for BIMSTEC in crisp bullet points.
- Conclude FTA Negotiations
- Empower Secretariat
- Launch Dhaka Fund
- Reserve BODHI Seats
- Involve NGOs
- Digital Payments System
## Footnote
[page 21]
161
List the main way forward points for BIMSTEC in crisp bullet points.
- Strengthen Institutional Capacity
- Advance Economic Integration
- Enhance Security Synergy
- Build Climate Resilience
- Leverage Multilateral Platforms
## Footnote
[page 21]
162
List 4-5 extra points for BIMSTEC that provide an edge in answers.
- BIMSTEC Games as soft power tool
- BODHI program for skill development
- DPI pilot (UPI link) for digital integration
- Cancer Care Network for health diplomacy
- Centres of Excellence for regional innovation
## Footnote
[page 21]
163
What are the major concerns associated with Iran's nuclear programme?
Major concerns include enrichment escalation (60% uranium), clandestine facilities, large HEU stockpile, advanced centrifuges, potential regional arms race, proxy warfare, and IAEA access denial.
## Footnote
[page 21]
164
How does Iran's nuclear programme challenge regional and global security frameworks?
It risks a Middle East arms race, provokes Israeli pre-emptive threats, endangers maritime/oil routes, increases terrorist proliferation risk, escalates US-Iran tensions, and undermines global institutions like the UNSC and IAEA.
## Footnote
[page 21]
165
What is the role of global nuclear-related regulations in addressing nuclear proliferation?
Regulations like the NPT and JCPOA aim to limit proliferation, but JCPOA flaws (sunset clauses, missile exclusion) and weak enforcement limit effectiveness. Sanctions and IAEA reforms are also used.
## Footnote
[page 22]
166
Iran has enriched uranium to ___% purity, with ___ kg of HEU stockpiled.
60%; 70 kg
## Footnote
[page 21]
167
Weapons-grade uranium threshold is ___%.
90%
## Footnote
[page 21]
168
The JCPOA's limit for enriched uranium is ___ kg at ___% purity.
300 kg at 3.67%
## Footnote
[page 21]
169
List the main keywords related to Iran's nuclear programme.
Iran Nuclear Programme, Uranium Enrichment, HEU, JCPOA, NPT, IAEA, Centrifuges, Regional Arms Race, Proliferation, Sanctions, Sunset Clauses, Missile Exclusion.
## Footnote
[page 21]
170
List the main issues with Iran's nuclear programme in crisp bullet points.
- Enrichment Escalation
- Clandestine Facilities
- HEU Stockpile
- Regional Arms Race
- IAEA Access Denial
## Footnote
[page 21]
171
List the main solutions/recommendations for nuclear proliferation in crisp bullet points.
- Revive Diplomacy for Stricter Deal
- Mandate 24/7 IAEA Access
- Regional Dialogue (GCC/Israel)
- Targeted Sanctions on Supply Chains
- Cyber Deterrence
## Footnote
[page 22]
172
List the main way forward points for global nuclear security in crisp bullet points.
- Strengthen Multilateral Enforcement
- Reform IAEA Safeguards
- Regional Security Frameworks
- Export Controls
- Continuous Diplomacy
## Footnote
[page 22]
173
List 4-5 extra points for Iran's nuclear issue that provide an edge in answers.
- Iran's use of IR-6 centrifuges (15x efficiency)
- Strait of Hormuz's global oil significance
- Sunset clauses as a loophole in JCPOA
- Cyber operations (Stuxnet precedent)
- Role of regional powers (Saudi, Turkey) in arms race
## Footnote
[page 22]
174
What is the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) and why is its suspension by India significant?
The IWT is a water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan. Its suspension after the Pahalgam terror attack marks a shift linking water diplomacy to national security, impacting Pakistan's agriculture and signaling zero tolerance for terrorism.
## Footnote
page 23
175
What are the strategic implications of India's suspension of the IWT?
Strategic implications include leveraging water flow against Pakistan, fast-tracking hydropower projects in J&K, and potentially provoking China on Brahmaputra water disputes.
## Footnote
page 23
176
What are the legal and diplomatic implications of suspending the IWT?
Legal implications include risking treaty violation and arbitration, setting a precedent that may weaken India's reputation, and potential environmental disputes. Diplomatically, it could escalate tensions or invite third-party mediation.
## Footnote
page 23
177
Pakistan's agriculture is ___% dependent on Indus waters.
65%
## Footnote
page 23
178
The IWT lacks an ___ clause, making unilateral suspension complex.
exit
## Footnote
page 23
179
___% of India's planned hydropower projects in J&K are on the Chenab River.
70%
## Footnote
page 23
180
List the main keywords related to the Indus Waters Treaty suspension.
Indus Waters Treaty, Water Diplomacy, National Security, Hydropower, Brahmaputra, Treaty Violation, Arbitration, Environmental Disputes, Third-Party Mediation, Zero Tolerance.
## Footnote
page 23
181
List the main issues with IWT suspension in crisp bullet points.
- Treaty Violation Risk
- Diplomatic Escalation
- Environmental Disputes
- Precedent for Other Treaties
- Regional Tensions
## Footnote
page 23
182
List the main solutions/recommendations for IWT suspension in crisp bullet points.
- Document Material Breach
- Make Suspension Time-Bound
- Use Backchannel Diplomacy
- Regional Multilateral Dialogues
- Frame as Counter-Terror Response
## Footnote
page 24
183
List the main way forward points for IWT and water diplomacy in crisp bullet points.
- Maintain Legal Defensibility
- Engage in Multilateral Forums
- Balance Security and Environmental Concerns
- Prepare for Arbitration
- Build Regional Water Cooperation
## Footnote
page 24
184
List 4-5 extra points for IWT suspension that provide an edge in answers.
- IWT as a model for transboundary water sharing
- India's treaty partner reputation at stake
- Potential for China to retaliate on Brahmaputra
- Environmental impact of unilateral dam-building
- Use of water as a strategic lever in foreign policy
## Footnote
page 24
