Trigger 10: ILOs

Question 1

neonates with overweight mothers

Answer 1

a more likely to be large for gestational age

Question 2

maternal traits hypothesised to increase growth of baby

Answer 2

• higher BMI

- higher fasting glucose (diabetes)

Question 3

maternal traits hypothesised to decrease growth of baby

Answer 3

high blood pressure

Question 4

possible confounders in maternal BMI relation to baby BMI

Answer 4

socioeconomic factors and smoking

Question 5

paternal diabetes is associated with

Answer 5

lower birthweight

Question 6

maternal diabetes is

Answer 6

associated with increased birthweight

Question 7

BMI can be a …… factor of other diseases rather than coincidental

Answer 7

a casual factor rather than coincidental

Question 8

examples of diseases which are caused by higher BMI

Answer 8

Psoriasis

Depression

cancer

Osteoarthritis

CVD

T2DM

Question 9

BMI and psoriasis

Answer 9

evidence that higher BMI leads to risk of psoriasis

Question 10

evidence that higher BMI leads to risk of psoriasis supports the prioritisation of

Answer 10

therapies and lifestyle interventions aimed to control weight for prevention or treatment of psoriasis

Question 11

why high psoriasis and obesity be related

Answer 11

psoriasis is an inflammatory disease and obesity causes inflammation

• increased body fat is associated with higher levels of inflammatory cytokines known to be involved with psoriasis

Question 12

depression is more common in

Answer 12

obese individuals than non-obese individuals

Question 13

who are more likely to suffer with depression if they are obese

Answer 13

association stronger in women

Question 14

higher BMI

Answer 14

higher odds of depression

Question 15

Obesity and depression causality

Answer 15

directionality of correlation conflict

• uncertain whether obesity or depression is the causative effect

Question 16

obesity correlation with depression is an example of

Answer 16

bidirectional causal relationship

Question 17

cancers associated with higher BMI

Answer 17

endometrial

oesophageal

colorectal

prostate and renal

Question 18

hormones associated with obesity that causes cancer

Answer 18

insulin

insulin-like growth factor 1

sex steroids

adipokines

Question 19

obesity can cause increased

Answer 19

force on joints and decreased muscle strength

Question 20

obesities inflammatory state is also correlated with

Answer 20

osteoarthritis

Question 21

expression of what, increased during obesity, is thought to damage joints

Answer 21

adipokines

Question 22

examples of adipokines

Answer 22

leptin and adiponectin

Question 23

leptin has been found to increase levels of

Answer 23

degenerative enzymes, such as MMPs, NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 24

obesity is a leading cause of

Answer 24

CVD

Question 25

what is released from abnormally enlarged adipose tissue

Answer 25

plasma free fatty acids (FFA)

Question 26

plasma free fatty acids produce

Answer 26

insulin resistance and inflammation- causative of CVD

Question 27

total blood volume and cardiac output are

Answer 27

increased in obesity (increased cardiac workload)

Question 28

association of higher BMI and (CVD)

Answer 28

heart attacks and strokes

Question 29

both T2DM and obesity are associated with

Answer 29

insulin resistance

Question 30

most obese people, although insulin resistant

Answer 30

will not develop T2DM

Question 31

why will obese people with insulin resistance not develop T2DM

Answer 31

due to the amount of insulin being produced by beta-cells being sufficient

Question 32

when does T2DM occur

Answer 32

when dysfunction to B cell occurs causing insufficient amount of insulin to be produced

Question 33

T2DM associated with

Answer 33

CVD - heart, stroke, eyes, renal

Question 34

which substance are high in obese people

Answer 34

nonsterified fatty acids, glycerol, pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 35

nonsterified fatty acids, glycerol, pro-inflammatory cytokines related to

Answer 35

glucolipotoxicity- damage to B cells

Question 36

preference for sweet food is

Answer 36

biologically controlled

Question 37

FGF21

Answer 37

reduces sweet consumption in rodents and primates

Question 38

knockout Fgf21

Answer 38

increase sugar consumption in mice

Question 39

what increase sugar consumption in mice

Answer 39

knockout Fgf21

Question 40

association between Fgf21 and

Answer 40

increase consumption of sweets as well as alcohol intake and daily smoking

Question 41

liver secretes

Answer 41

hormones that influence eating behaviour

Question 42

a common variant in RARB

Answer 42

increase carbohydrate intake

Question 43

rare variant in DRAM1

Answer 43

protein intake

Question 44

name three genes which can be mutated to cause monogenic disease

Answer 44

- leptin - leptin receptor deficiency - melanocortin 3 receptor gene

Question 45

Leptin and leptin receptor deficiency

Answer 45

- rare autosomal recessive disorders associated with severe obesity from a young age

Question 46

leptin receptor mutations are most common in

Answer 46

consanguineous families

Question 47

mutation sin MC4R

Answer 47

common form of monogenic obesity | - mutations leading to loss of function are associated with most severe phenotype

Question 48

the correlation between the signalling properties of mutation receptors and energy intake

Answer 48

emphasises the key role of this receptor in the control of earring behaviours in humans