trust

Question 1

how did Piaget suggest that children learn?

Answer 1

autonomous learning

Question 2

what does it mean when Piaget sees the child as an autodidact?

Answer 2

children learn from their own exploration and first hand experiences

Question 3

how did Vygotsky suggest children learn?

Answer 3

social constructivism

Question 4

how does Vygotksy suggest children learn through social constructivism?

Answer 4

importance of learning from others

scaffolding- adults provide carefully tailored support by modelling activities and providing verbal instructions

Question 5

who researched testimony for acquiring knowledge?

Answer 5

Harris (2012)

Question 6

what did Harris (2012) suggest about testimony?

Answer 6

there is a limit to the role that first hand experience can play in cognitive development

Question 7

what is testimony?

Answer 7

information communicated by others via assertions

rely on others to expand our knowledge

Question 8

what is formal learning from others?

Answer 8

explicit teaching

Question 9

what is informal learning from others?

Answer 9

everyday dialogue with adults, siblings and peers

asking questions

imitation

overhearing

Question 10

what is indirect learning from others?

Answer 10

learning through books, TV and the internet

Question 11

is testimony always reliable?

Answer 11

no

Question 12

what is epistemic vigilence?

Answer 12

evaluating the credibility of the information source, and the plausability of claims

make trust in the testimony accordingly

Question 13

what is epistemtic vigilance necessary for?

Answer 13

effective social learning

Question 14

what does the historical perspective suggest about children trusting others?

Answer 14

children believe everything they are told

agree without reflection

Question 15

what does a more recent perspective suggest about children trusting others?

Answer 15

children do not yet know how to doubt others

this is adaptive

Question 16

why did Dawkins suggest children’s lack of doubt is adaptive?

Answer 16

children learn more by believing than evaluating everything they learn

Question 17

how do children show early scepticism?

Answer 17

rejecting blatantly false claims

from 16 months, infants reject false labels

3-4 year olds reject claims that are inconsistent with their own perceptual judgement

Question 18

what is social referencing?

Answer 18

infants look at the caregiver to see how to act in ambiguous situations

occurs from 12 months

Question 19

who researched testimony and social referencing in infants?

Answer 19

Tamis-Lemonda et al, 2008

Question 20

what did Tamis-Lemonda et al (2008) find out about testimony and social referencing in infants?

Answer 20

mothers encouraged children to walk down risky slopes, and discouraged them to walk down safe slops

18 month year olds ignored the mother’s advice and relied on perceptual information

only relied on mother’s advice when they could not assess risk

Question 21

how did researchers test if infants are biased to believe?

Answer 21

shown an animal that has characteristics of two animals, but looks more like one animal in particular

eg) an animal which looks a bit like a fish and a bird, but looks more like a fish

ask which habitat it should be placed in, may suggest it should be the opposite one

Question 22

are 2-3 year olds biased to believe?

Answer 22

accept labels even if it conflicts with their own perceptions

Question 23

are 4 year olds biased to believe?

Answer 23

more likely to accept conflicting labels if given additional information suggesting it is an unfamiliar subtype of that category

Question 24

are 6-8 year olds biased to believe?

Answer 24

more likely to accept conflicting labels when stimuli is ambiguous

Question 25

how is prior knowledge used when assessing unexpected testimony?

Answer 25

children compare other’s testimony to their existing knowledge

when own knowledge is strong= more likely to stick with own beliefs

when own knowledge is weak in ambiguous situations= more likely to accept implausible claims

Question 26

who assessed whether children take into account an informant’s past reliability?

Answer 26

Jaswal et al, 2010

Question 27

how did Jaswal et al, 2010, assess whether children taken into account an informant’s past reliability?

Answer 27

person on the video told them if the sticker was hidden under the red or the yellow cup

if they looked under the right cup= they could keep the sticker
if they looked under the wrong cup= person on the video could keep the sticker

Question 28

what did Jaswal et al, 2010, find about whether children took into account an informant’s past reliability?

Answer 28

3 year olds continued to believe the deceptive actor across 8 trials

took a while to believe the person

find it hard to inhibit trust as we usually receive honest information

Question 29

which cognitive skills support the development of scepticism?

Answer 29

inhibiting the normally appropriate expectation that what people say is true

responding sceptically requires an awareness that others may deceive

Question 30

does scepticism require executive function?

Answer 30

mixed evidence

Question 31

does scepticism require theory of mind?

Answer 31

mixed evidence

Question 32

what underlying abilities do we have to decide whether to trust someone?

Answer 32

sensitivity to appropriate cues about individual’s competence or honesty

appreciate that prior competence/honesty is linked to future reliability

keep track of person specific information about reliability to guide selective learning from reliable informants

Question 33

who researched signs of selective trust?

Answer 33

Koenig, Clement and Harris (2004)

Question 34

what did Koenig, Clement and Harris (2004) find about signs of selective trust?

Answer 34

3-4 year olds use informant’s past accuracy to assess the reliability of their current or future testimony

preferred to seek help and accept new information from a previously accurate than inaccurate person

Question 35

why are novel objects used in trust tests?

Answer 35

means people don’t have their own knowledge to make them choose one object over another

Question 36

what age do children become sensitive to differences in speaker’s accuracy?

Answer 36

4 years

Question 37

who researched if children are sensitive to differences in speaker’s accuracy?

Answer 37

Pasquni et al, 2007

Question 38

how did Pasquini et al, 2007, research if children are sensitive to differences in speaker’s accuracy?

Answer 38

looked at how much children trusted someone who was between 0% and 100% correct

at 3 years- children only differentiated between speakers when one person was 100% right

at 4 years, children were sensitive to the relative frequencies of errors made

Question 39

what ages do children experience a growing ability to differentiate based on relative error size?

Answer 39

between 4 and 7 years of age

Question 40

who conducted the object labelling task?

Answer 40

Vanderbilt et al, 2014

Question 41

what happens in Vanderbilt’s object labelling task?

Answer 41

label an ambiguous object

when children have the option of learning novel informatoin from a previously accurate or inaccurate speaker, 3 and 4 year olds accept the claim of the accurate speaker

willing to trust the testimony of a single person- whether or not they have been previously reliable

children require conflicting testimony from a better source in order to demonstrate selective trust

Question 42

from 4 years what affects who children show greater trust in?

Answer 42

depends on age, familiarity, accent and gender

however, this is disrupted when past accuracy conflicts with these cues