Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

developmental psych > lecture 3 > Flashcards

lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two different possibilities for theory of mind?

A

chimpanzee’s mind seems similar to ours because it is similar

cannot help distorting the chimpanzee’s mind and recreate it into our own image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

who investigated whether chimpanzee’s have a theory of mind?

A

Premack and Woodruff (1978)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what did Premack and Woodruff (1978) find about chimpanzee’s theory of mind?

A

chimpanzees were shown a video of a human actor struggling with various problems

were shown pictures of the solutions to the problem

chimpazee offered correct solutions to an actor’s problems

suggests they could infer the actor’s intentions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two debates for whether apes have a theory of mind?

A

Povinelli Camp
Tomasello Camp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the Povinelli Camp?

A

chimps do not reason about other’s beliefs or any other mental states

same behaviours, but different underlying psychological mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the Tomasello camp?

A

chimps have theory of mind in some respects but not others

no evidence about whether they understand false beliefs

chimps understand goals and intentions, and the perceptions/knowledge of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the behavioural abstraction hypothesis?

A

understanding the surface level of behaviour

form behavioural rules

chimps make predictions about future behaviours that follow from past behaviours, and adjust their own behaviour accordingly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are beyond behavioural rules?

A

chimps are highly sociable animals and need to anticipate what others do

observing previous behaviours and deriving a set of behavioural rules enables behavioural predictions

need to anticipate actions in novel situations based on goals and intentions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a goal?

A

what the person is trying to do or achieve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an intention?

A

the action plan chosen for pursuing a goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

who investigated chimp’s intentions?

A

Buttelmann et al, 2007

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what did Buttlemann et al (2007) find out about chimps’ intentions?

A

6 chimps imitated an actor’s novel action when it was performed with intention, but not when it was due to a physical constraint

understand each other’s goals/intentions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does altruistic helping require?

A

cognition
altruistic motivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is cognition?

A

understanding another person’s goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is altruistic motivation?

A

helping others when it doesn’t benefit onself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

who investigated altruistic helping?

A

Warneken and Tomasello (2006)

17
Q

how did Warneken and Tomasello (2006) investigate altruistic helping?

A

used 18 month old infants

they were presented with 10 different situations where an adult was struggling to achieve a goal

situations fell into 4 categories: out of reach objects, access obstructed using a physical obstacle, achieving a wrong (correctable) result, and using a wrong (correctable) means

3 phases: experimenter focused on the object only, alternated gaze between the object and the child, and verbalised their problem whilst continuing to alternate gaze

18
Q

what did Warneken and Tomasello (2006) find about altruistic helping?

A

infants helped the adult in 6/10 of the tasks (at least one for each category)
22 of the 24 infants helped in at least one of the tasks, usually almost immediately

19
Q

what did Warneken and Tomasello (2006) find about altruistic helping in chimps?

A

all three chimpanzees helped reliably in the tasks involving reaching, but were less reliable in helping in the other types of task

children and chimps were both willing to help without a reward or praise

chimps showed understanding of goals or intentions

20
Q

what is the mentalistic significance of eye gaze?

A

eyes communicate vital information about an individual’s mental state

it suggests their focus of attention/object of reference/intent to act/feelings

21
Q

how do infants show early sensitive to gaze?

A

infants prefer:
-open rather than closed eyes
-direct rather than averted gaze
-begin gaze following at 6 months

22
Q

who investigated if apes follow gaze?

A

Povinelli and Eddy, 1996

23
Q

what did Povinelli and Eddy find about chimps following gaze?

A

although young chimps appear to spontaneously attend to and follow the visual gaze of others, they simultaneously appear oblivious to the attentional significance of that gaze

24
Q

who produced positive evidence for apes following gaze?

A

Kaminski et al, 2004

25
Q

what did Kaminski et al find out about apes following gaze?

A

chimps begged more when they were being watched

sensitive to body and face orientation but not eyes

26
Q

who produced negative evidence for apes following gaze?

A

Povinelli and Preuss, 1995

27
Q

what did Povinelli and Preuss find about apes following gaze?

A

begging is indiscriminate

chimps even begged for food from a blindfolded human

chimps can learn rules about visual perception- but do not always consider the psychological distinction between begging from the blindfolded vs non blindfolded

28
Q

what gives positive evidence for chimps’ knowledge and perception?

A

competitive paradigm

auditory perspective taking

29
Q

what is the competitive paradigm?

A

chimpanzees can reason about other’s knowledge on the basis of what others have/haven’t seen

30
Q

who investigated the competitive paradigm?

A

Hare, Call and Tomasello (2001)

31
Q

who investigated auditory perspective taking?

A

Melis, Call and Tomasello (2006)

32
Q

what was found about auditory perspective taking in apes?

A

in the presence of a human competitor, chimps preferred to reach through a silent than a noisy tunnel

suggests they are sensitive to what others can hear

can manipulate the auditory perception of a competitor

33
Q

who investigated false belief for apes?

A

Call and Tomasello (1999)

33
Q

how did Call and Tomasello investigate false belief for apes?

A

man watched as treat hidden under one of two cups
chimp couldn’t see which was which
man leaves
cups are swapped
man returns and points to one cup
ape given a single chance to retrieve
ape scores if they look under the cup the man didn’t point to
none of the apes passed

34
Q

who investigated false belief of apes in the wild?

A

Marticorena et al, 2011

35
Q

what happened when Marticorena et al investigated false belief?

A

tested Rhesus monkeys in the wild
used a violation of expectancy method
true belief condition: looked for longer when actor fails to look for object in the correct location when they are informed
false belieg condition: no difference in looking time
represent others knowledge but not their personal beliefs

36
Q

who investigated false beliefs for apes using eye tracking?

A

Krupenye et al (2016)

37
Q

how did eye tracking work for apes?

A

used the anticipatory gaze paradigm

developmental psych (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions