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reading and spelling development Flashcards

1
Q

which type of skills are reading, writing and spelling?

A

secondary language skills

only recently evolved in our evolutionary history

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2
Q

what is reading the process of?

A

print to speech or meaning

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3
Q

what is spelling the process of?

A

speech or meaning to print

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4
Q

what does reading rely on?

A

vocabulary
phonological skills
reading skills
reading comprehension

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5
Q

what is phonological skill?

A

hearing and manipulating skills in spoken language

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6
Q

what is reading comprehension and accuracy positively correlated with?

A

reading comprehension and accuracy

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7
Q

what resources does automatic reading provide for comprehension?

A

vocabulary breadth and depth

morphology= study of words

syntax

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8
Q

how do we read?

A

recognise letters

decode sounds

analogise to known words

predict words from grapho-phonemic context

memory and semantic context

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9
Q

what are graphemes?

A

smallest units of a word

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10
Q

what are phonemes?

A

distinct units of sound

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11
Q

what is phonological awareness?

A

awareness of sounds in words

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12
Q

why do we get ambiguities in visual communication?

A

only a limited number of symbols to represent words

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13
Q

who investigated whether it is better to learn to spell or read first?

A

Conrad, 2008

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14
Q

is it better to practice spelling or reading first?

A

practicing spelling makes the most gains for spelling and reading

reading doesnt improve spelling very much

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15
Q

why does spelling help reading?

A

enables the brain to develop an efficient orthographic processing system

can identify legitimate letter patterns, and link sounds to letters

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16
Q

who proposed the dual route cascaded model?

A

Coltheart et al, 2001

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17
Q

what processes are involved in the dual route cascaded model?

A

look at the word

extract the visual and letter units

go to the orthographic input lexicon, or grapheme phoneme rule system

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18
Q

what happens if a word enters the orthographic input lexicon?

A

a mental dictionary of orthographic, written words

mental library of what written words look like

consider the semantic meaning, and the phonological output lexicon- what the word sounds like

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19
Q

what other system can a letter unit enter?

A

the grapheme-phoneme rule system

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20
Q

when is the grapheme phoneme rule system used?

A

if we are hearing a word for the first time

use it to break down a word

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21
Q

what type of model is the dual route cascaded model?

A

cascade model- all of the processes happen at the same time, except looking at the word and saying it

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22
Q

what is surface dyslexia?

A

difficulties reading irregular words eg) yacht

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23
Q

what is phonological dyslexia?

A

difficulties in reading non words, eg) tegwop
difficulties manipulating parts of sounds and words

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24
Q

which route is affected for surface dyslexia?

A

orthographic input lexicon

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25
which route is affected for phonological dyslexia?
grapheme-phoneme rule system
26
who proposed the stage model for reading?
Frith, 1985
27
what is the stage model for reading composed of?
logographic alphabetic orthographic
28
what happens in the logographic stage of reading?
first stage children recognise words which are familiar to them- more the association eg) own name, tescos
29
what happens in the alphabetic stage of reading?
visually recognise words as different from numbers and symbols phonemic awareness begins to develop can decode non sense words
30
what happens in the orthographic stage of reading?
do not need to sound out words can recognise many automatically
31
who proposed the phase model for reading?
Ehri (1995)
32
what are the phases in the phase model for reading?
pre alphabetic partial alphabetic full alphabetic consolidated alphabetic
33
what happens in the pre alphabetic stage of reading?
decoding visual cues sight word reading
34
what happens in the partial alphabetic stage of reading?
phonetic cue reading basic grapheme phoneme connections alphabetic knowledge
35
what happens in the full alphabetic stage of reading?
full grapheme phoneme connections decode by analogy to sight words start to predict words from sounds more of a phonemic awareness
36
what happens in the consolidated alphabetic stage of reading?
grapheme phoneme decoding memory of patterns consolidate similar letter sequences
37
what happens in the pre alphabetic spelling stage of reading?
scribbles which resemble the writing system
38
what happens in the partial alphabetic stage of spelling?
letter knowledge and phonemic awareness use letters for sounds
39
what happens in the full alphabetic stage of spelling?
spelling phonetically complete graphemically plausible spellings using conventional graphemes
40
what happens in the consolidated alphabetic stage of spelling?
advanced alphabetic understanding of units, roots, families of words etc
41
what are the stages of Gentry's (1982) spelling model?
precommunicative stage semiphonetic stage phonetic stage transitional stage correct stage
42
what is the precommunicative stage in Gentry's spelling model?
don't understand the order of writing words mix upper and low case letters, and numbers up letters mean something, but we don't really know what they aree
43
what is the semiphonetic stage in Gentry's spelling model?
partial mapping of phonetic interpretation
44
what is the phonetic stage of Gentry's (1982) spelling model?
sounds are represented in spelling, but are just not spelt correctly
45
what is the transitional stage of Gentry's spelling model?
getting towards the correct spelling
46
what is the correct stage of Gentry's spelling model?
word is spelt correctly
47
what are the stages of speech?
speech input acoustic analysis/phonological lexicon/semantic lexicon/phonological buffer speech output
48
what is the phonological buffer?
phonemes are held in working memory, and are assembled into words
49
what is the phonological lexicon?
mental dictionary of sound based representations of words in the mind
50
what is the semantic lexicon?
mental dictionary of word meanings and their relationships within a language
51
what is the orthographic lexicon?
mental dictionary that holds information about the written forms of words
52
what is the role of the grapheme phoneme conversion route?
written symbols (graphemes) are translated into their corresponding sounds (phonemes) during reading
53
what is the phoneme grapheme conversion route?
translating speech sounds (phonemes) into written symbols (graphemes) during spelling or reading
54
what is the grapheme buffer?
temporary storage system holding visual or orthographic representations of written symbols, before they are processed or integrated into larger linguistic units
55
who provided longitudnal evidence for phonological awareness?
Vellutino and Scanlon (1987)
56
what is the longitudnal evidence for phonological awareness?
phonemic segmentation (understanding of how words are structured) was the best predictor of later reading performance, as oppposed to vocabulary and semantic ability
57
what is the intervention evidence for phonological awareness?
children were normal or poor readers intervention designed to improve phonetic segmentation improves later reading ability
58
who provided intervention evidence for phonological awareness?
Vellutino and Scanlon (1987)
59
what is the biggest predictor of word reading skills?
phonemic awareness
60
what is rime awareness?
ability to recognise and manipulate common phonetic rimes within words rime= vowel and following consonants in a syllable
61
what contributes to phonemic awareness?
rime awareness visual short term memory
62
what type of language is phonological recoding faster in?
faster in transparent than opaque languages
63
what are transparent languages made up of?
consistent letter phoneme relations
64
what are opaque languages made up of?
ambiguous letter phoneme relations
65
what type of language is English?
opaque
66
who investigated opaque languages?
Ziegler et al, 2010
67
what did Ziegler find out about opaque languages?
phonological awareness predicted reading speed and accuracy, and decoding speed and accuracy phonological awareness more important in opaque languages vocabulary more important in transparent languages
68
how does phonological awareness impact transparent languages?
early access to phonemes= improved reading= improved phonetic awareness and phoneme representations
69
how does phonological awareness impact opaque languages?
less access to phonemes= slower development of reading, phonetic awareness and representations

developmental psych (10 decks)

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