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What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Provides oxygen for cellular metabolism and removes carbon dioxide
Secondary functions include sense of smell and voice production.
What are the important structures of the larynx?
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, vocal cords
Epiglottitis: DON’T insert anything and DON’T examine.
What is the function of the nose in the respiratory system?
Filters, humidifies, and warms the air
Contains olfactory receptors and is divided by a septum.
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus, maxillary sinus, sphenoid sinus
Sinusitis can be viral and self-limiting.
What is the function of the trachea?
Passageway of air to and from the lungs
Also known as the windpipe, about 10-12 cm long.
What are the types of normal breath sounds?
Bronchial, bronchovesicular, vesicular
Each type has different locations and characteristics.
True or False: Fine crackles are high-pitched bubbling sounds.
True
They indicate fluid presence in the lungs.
What is the Mantoux test used for?
Screening test for TB exposure
Also known as Purified Protein Derivative (PPD).
What is the purpose of a bronchoscopy?
Direct visualization of the bronchial tubes
Includes bronchial washing and suctioning.
What is the main cause of bronchial asthma?
Chronic inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction
Contributing factors include allergens.
What is the management priority for a patient with asthma?
Positioning in Semi-Fowler’s or High Fowler’s position
Oxygen therapy may also be required.
What are the two types of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Both have distinct signs and symptoms.
Fill in the blank: The removal of pleural fluid is called _______.
Thoracentesis
Best position during the procedure is orthopneic.
What is a pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural space
Can be spontaneous, open, or tension pneumothorax.
What are the signs of pleural effusion?
Low or no breath sounds in the affected area
Diagnostic tests include lung ultrasound.
What is iron deficiency anemia?
Decrease in iron storage or production
Common causes include inadequate intake and blood loss.
What is the main sign of respiratory acidosis in COPD patients?
Increased CO2 levels
This leads to symptoms like chronic non-productive cough.
What is the management for chronic bronchitis?
Cessation of smoking, low oxygen concentration, pulmonary toileting
Medications include bronchodilators and corticosteroids.
What is the priority management for flail chest?
Gas exchange
Proper positioning and pain management are crucial.
What are the signs of hypoxia?
Mental confusion, irritability, restlessness, cyanosis
Late signs include clubbing of fingernails.
What is the mechanism that produces voice?
Vibration of vocal cords during expiration
The larynx is the terminal part of the upper airway responsible for voice production.
What is iron deficiency anemia characterized by?
Decrease iron storage or production
Risk factors include pregnancy and childhood.
What are the common causes of iron deficiency anemia?
- Inadequate iron intake
- Malabsorption syndrome
- Blood loss (trauma, menorrhagia, surgery)
What are the signs of iron deficiency anemia?
- PICA symptoms
- Pallor
- Poor focus or attention
- Signs of hypoxia
