Tumour Pathology 2

Question 1

What are physical properties of cancer

Answer 1

Pleomorphic - alter morphology, biological function, reproductive model in response to EF
Hyperchromatic - darker nucleus
Coarse chromatin - Clumpy large mass of Chromatins
Highly mitotic and abnormal forms - unregulated division, quicker
Disorganised structure

Question 2

What are the behavioural changes of cancer cells

Answer 2

Unregulated growth
Loss of cohesion
Immaturity
Immortality

Question 3

Describe formation of cancer 1

Answer 3

Avoid immune destruction - not present antigens

Question 4

Describe formation of cancer 2

Answer 4

Replicative immortality - avoid mechanisms for senescence
(Telomeres)

Question 5

Describe formation of cancer 3

Answer 5

Activate invasion and metastasis - Loss of cell to cell cohesion in order to invade dense CT

Question 6

Describe formation of cancer 4

Answer 6

Induce angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels

Question 7

Describe formation of cancer 5

Answer 7

Resist cell death - anti apoptosis

Question 8

Describe formation of cancer 6

Answer 8

Deregulate cellular energetics

Anaerobic glycolysis - less efficient, protects against low O2 environment

Question 9

Describe formation of cancer 7

Answer 9

Sustain proliferated signalling - Constitutive activation (ligand independent activity) of growth factor mechanisms

Question 10

Describe formation of cancer 8

Answer 10

Evade growth suppressors - evade negative feedback

Question 11

Describe formation of cancer 9

Answer 11

Genome instability and mutations - favours mutations accumulating and multiple mutations

Question 12

Describe formation of cancer 10

Answer 12

Mediate tumour-associated inflammatory response - may release tumour promoting molecules

Question 13

What are the tumour biomarkers?

Answer 13

Tumour-related proteins

Question 14

What is the clinical utility of tumour biomarkers?

Answer 14

Screening
Diagnosis
Prognostic - identifying patients with specific outcome
Predictive - identifying patients who will respond to particular therapy

Question 15

What is the biomarker for Teratoma of testis and hepatocellular carcinoma?

Answer 15

Alpha-fetoprotein

Question 16

What is the biomarker for colorectal cancer?

Answer 16

Carcino-embryonic antigen

Question 17

What is the biomarker for Breast cancer?

Answer 17

Oestrogen receptor
(Hormone receptor)

Question 18

What is the biomarker for Prostate cancer?

Answer 18

Prostate specific antigen

Question 19

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for lung cancer?

Answer 19

EGFR - epidermal growth factor receptor
Kras

Question 20

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for breast cancer and gastric cancer?

Answer 20

Her2

Question 21

What are the predictive tumour biomarkers for melanoma?

Answer 21

BRAF

Question 22

What is pleomorphism

Answer 22

Variation in size and shape of cancer

Question 23

Is mitosis present in cancer cells?

Answer 23

Yes, abnormal

Question 24

What is tumour growth a balance between?

Answer 24

Angiogenesis
Apoptosis

Question 25

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 25

New blood vessel formation by tumours, required to sustain tumour growth

Question 26

What is the downside on human health brought about by angiogenesis?

Answer 26

Provides a route for release of tumour cells into circulation

Question 27

What is the relationship between blood vessels and prognosis?

Answer 27

More blood vessels -poorer prognosis

Question 28

What is involved in the response to chemo-radiotherapy?

Answer 28

Apoptosis

Question 29

What is the major clinical problem of cancer?

Answer 29

Formation of metastatic (secondary) tumour

Question 30

What is the effect of metastasis on matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes? (How does metastasis affect matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes?)

Answer 30

Increases degradation

Question 31

What are the various modes of spread of cancer?

Answer 31

Local Lymphatic Blood Transcoelomic spread

Question 32

What is the intermediate tissue for tumour invasion of lymph/blood vessels?

Answer 32

Connective tissue

Question 33

What are the stages of metastasis via lymphatics?

Answer 33

Tumour cells adhere to lymph vessels Invasion from lymphatics Invasion into lymph nodes Formation of metastasis in lymph node Clinical evidence of metastasis

Question 34

What are the stages of metastasis via blood?

Answer 34

Same process but substituting the lymph vessels with blood vessels

Question 35

What is Trans-coelomic spread?

Answer 35

Spread of tumour cells across body cavities Pleural or peritoneal cavities