Tumour Pathology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the local effects of benign and malignant tumours?

A

Pressure
Obstruction

Tissue destruction - ulceration (breakdown of tissue)/infection
Bleeding (destruction of blood vessels)- leads to anaemia (slow chronic loss of blood from capillary vessels) and haemorrhage - single large vessel damaged - major loss of blood
Pain - pressure on nerves, perineural infiltration (in the area surrounding nerves), bone pain from pathological fractures (because benign tumour in bone weakens the structural integrity)
Effects of treatment

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2
Q

What is the symptom of anaemia?

A

Tiredness

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3
Q

What are the systemic effects of malignant tumours

A

Secretion of hormones - abnormal or normal

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Effects of treatment

Weight loss- cachexia

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4
Q

How are hormones secreted by tumours

A

Produced by tumours of endocrine organ - abnormal control of hormone

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5
Q

What is abnormal hormone production by tumours?

A

Produced by a tumour from an organ that does not normally produce that hormone

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6
Q

What is an abnormal hormone secretion by the lung cancer?

A

ADH

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7
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

Tumours producing hormones inappropriately

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8
Q

Why is the early detection of cancer important?

A

Reduce morbidity/mortality

To try and detect the cancer before invasion occurs

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9
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

It is a pre-malignant change, it is the earliest change in the process of malignancy that can be visualised

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10
Q

Where is dysplasia found?

A

In the epithelium, there is no invasion but can progress to cancer

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11
Q

What are the features of dysplasia?

A

Disorganisation of cells (Increased nuclear size, mitotic activity and abnormal mitoses)
Grading exists - high grade and low grade

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12
Q

As soon as invasion is present, dysplasia is known as?

A

Cancer

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13
Q

What is the cervical cancer screening used to reduce?

A

Incidence of the squamous carcinoma of the cervix

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14
Q

What is the cervical cancer screening used to detect?

A

Dysplastic cells from squamous epithelium of cervix

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15
Q

What is a polyp

A

Growth of tissue that has a grape like structure

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