TUNSTALL Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Q: What was the focus of Jeremy Tunstall’s previous book “The Media Are American”?
A
A: It focused on America’s pioneering media dominance from 1890 to 1970.
2
Q
Q: What does “The Media Were American” primarily discuss?
A
A: It discusses how America’s media scene peaked in the late 1940s and the subsequent decline in its dominance.
3
Q
Q: How does Hollywood’s revenue reflect its global dependence?
A
A: Hollywood’s office revenue has a great dependence on worldwide sales.
4
Q
Q: In what ways is America’s media culture reflected globally?
A
A: America’s media culture is reflected globally in various ways, such as through fast food restaurants and the broadcasting of American TV shows in foreign countries.
5
Q
Q: What term does Tunstall coin to describe the combined impact of American and European media?
A
A: Tunstall coins the term “Euro-American.”
also Anglo american
6
Q
Q: How does media trade vary according to Tunstall?
A
A: Media trade varies from very direct sales to less direct methods like TV format sales or piracy.
7
Q
Q: What media conglomerates were leading wholesalers of news throughout the 20th century?
A
A: Reuters (UK) and Associated Press (US) were leading wholesalers of news.
8
Q
Q: Which countries are mentioned as partners in Hollywood film distribution?
A
A: UK, Canada, Australia, and Ireland.
9
Q
Q: How does the English language influence American media trade?
A
A: English being the main working language of Europe and the United Nations aids American media trade.
10
Q
Q: What argument is made regarding population size and media importation?
A
A: Countries with large populations like China have their own media systems, while smaller countries like Jamaica are major importers of media.
11
Q
Q: What genres are highlighted for their global adaptation from American TV formats?
A
A: Soap operas, game shows, and talk shows.
12
Q
Q: Which country’s telenovelas became a major export and cultural phenomenon?
A
A: Brazilian telenovelas.
13
Q
Q: How did America’s strategy of content creation evolve from radio to television?
A
A: Programs such as “What’s My Line?” evolved from radio shows to TV shows.
14
Q
Q: Which country created the reality TV show “Big Brother”?
A
A: The Netherlands.
15
Q
Q: What significant role did Globo TV play in Brazil?
A
A: Globo TV It was the first radio network in Brazil to follow a 24-hour all news format. It played a major political role, including in the selection and election of presidents.
16
Q
Q: How does new mass media typically progress to maturity?
A
A: It starts from B2B (business-to-business), moves to wealthy individuals, semi-public places like internet cafes, and finally households.
17
Q
Q: What media format is noted for never having a B2B phase?
A
A: Television.
18
Q
Q: What is significant about the internet’s origins according to Tunstall?
A
A: The internet was invented by Tim Berners-Lee while working at CERN in Geneva
CERN: the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is one of the world’s largest and most respected centres for scientific research.
19
Q
Q: How did the US build its film industry according to Tunstall?
A
A: By aggressively targeting the world market.
20
Q
Q: What was the dominant percentage of American movies in Western Europe by 1960?
A
A: 60% of all movies in Western Europe were American.
21
Q
Q: What are the primary ways media is financed according to Tunstall?
A
A: 1. Subscriptions
2. Licensing fees
3. Advertising
4. Bribes.
5. Subsidies
22
Q
Q: What is significant about Nielsen ratings?
A
A: They operate in 70 separate countries.
23
Q
Q: Which advertising agencies are noted for their global influence?
A
A: Omnicom (US), Interpublic (US), and WPP (UK).
24
Q
Omnicom (US), Interpublic (US), and WPP (UK).
A
Corporate communications companies that provides services in advertising, strategic media planning, digital marketing, and public relations.
25
Q: What is one example of product placement in media?
A: Jerry Seinfeld's American Express webisode.
26
Q: How do media organizations' directions change according to Tunstall?
A: Media organizations can change direction swiftly due to market demands and new ownership.
27
Q: Who is Rupert Murdoch and why is he significant?
A: Rupert Murdoch is a media mogul known for his vast media empire and strategic acquisitions.
28
Q: How did John Malone differ from Murdoch in his business strategy?
A: John Malone focused on growing share value through buying and selling numerous companies, regardless of size.
29
Q: What type of media switching did Disney undergo?
A: Disney transitioned from animated movies to owning TV network ABC and operating theme parks.
30
Q: What role did the American Forces Network (AFN) play in media?
A: AFN provided radio services to American military personnel abroad.
31
Q: How does Tunstall describe the role of the BBC between 1940 and 2000?
A: The BBC was the most successful non-profit media organization during this period
32
Q: What impact did American media have on the British Empire during the 1920s?
A: U.S. media infiltrated the British Empire, becoming the dominant film power in India by the 1920s.
33
Q: How did the partnership between Hollywood and English-speaking countries affect media distribution?
A: The partnership facilitated the widespread distribution of Hollywood films in the UK, Canada, Australia, and Ireland.
34
Q: What is the significance of English being the main working language of the United Nations in terms of media influence?
A: It helped American media to maintain its influence globally due to the ease of communication and content distribution.
35
Q: According to Manuel Castells and Armand Mattelart, what sector had the most globalization potential after NASA's defunding?
A: Telecommunications.
36
Q: How did satellite technology boost mass media globalization?
A: Satellites enabled the global transmission of media content, enhancing the reach and influence of mass media.
37
Q: What are the three categories of countries that import the most media content?
A: Small population countries in sub-Saharan Africa, small countries near large neighbors in the Caribbean, and smaller European countries.
38
Q: How does Tunstall differentiate between direct and altered media?
.
A: Direct media is consumed in its original form, while altered media is adapted through translation, foreign financing, commissioning, or genre copying
39
Q: What is the significance of population size in media consumption according to Tunstall?
A: Larger countries with significant populations like China and India tend to produce their own media, while smaller countries import more.
40
Q: What historical role did Reuter (UK) and Associated Press (US) play in global media?
A: They were leading wholesalers of news throughout the 20th century.
41
Q: How did soap operas evolve in global popularity from the 1950s to the 1990s?
A: They started in America and became popular in Spanish-speaking countries, then spread to India, China, and Western Europe by the 1990s.
42
Q: What challenges did Brazilian telenovelas face during their rise in popularity?
A: They had to deal with military censorship despite their widespread popularity.
43
Q: How did American media consistently create new content over the decades?
A: Through various formats such as radio shows, reality shows, home videos, and programs that were cheap to produce but highly lucrative.
44
Q: What was the first British soap opera and its broadcasting frequency?
A: "Coronation Street," broadcast twice a week, 100 times per year.
45
Q: What role does Globo TV play in Brazil's media landscape?
A: Globo TV is a major political player, influencing presidential elections and owning a press-radio empire.
46
Q: How did India and China's media industries adapt to local preferences?
A: By creating content in local languages and formats that resonated with their large populations.
47
Q: What impact did Murdoch's Star TV have on the Indian media market?
A: It introduced popular formats and shows like "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" in Hindi.
48
Q: How do Mexican and Brazilian telenovelas differ in their global influence?
A: Brazilian telenovelas have a longer history and broader international reach compared to Mexican telenovelas.
49
Q: What was the transition process for media content from radio to television?
A: Many radio shows were adapted into television formats, leveraging existing popularity and audience familiarity.
50
Q: What is the significance of the Dutch reality show "Big Brother" in global media?
A: It set a precedent for reality TV formats that were adapted and localized worldwide.
51
Q: How does Tunstall describe the transition of new mass media to maturity?
A: It typically starts as B2B (business-to-business), moves to wealthy individuals, semi-public spaces like internet cafes, and finally households.
52
Q: How have newspapers adapted to the rise of new media?
A: By finding new ways to thrive, such as digital editions and multimedia content.
53
Q: What historical role did European coffee houses play in media consumption?
A: They were places where men read newspapers and discussed news, akin to modern internet cafes.
54
Q: How did the recorded music industry transition from B2B to consumer markets?
A: It evolved from office Dictaphones to penny arcades and nickelodeons, then to gramophones and home record players.
55
Q: What is the significance of the internet's invention by Tim Berners-Lee?
A: It revolutionized global communication and media consumption, starting in CERN and spreading worldwide.
56
Q: How did the U.S. build its film industry by attacking the world market?
.
A: By aggressively marketing American films internationally and dominating global box office sales
57
Q: What was the global influence of American movies in Western Europe by 1960?
A: American movies made up 60% of all films shown in Western Europe.
58
Q: How did sound recording and radio technology development differ between Europe and America?
A: Both Europe and America contributed to the development of sound recording and radio technology, with each region excelling in different aspects.
59
Q: What role did Japan play in the development of home video technology?
A: Japan was a leader in home video technology, significantly influencing the global market.
60
Q: How did American media adapt to the decline of newspapers among younger readers in the 1980s?
A: By diversifying content and appealing to different family members with various sections and multimedia formats.
61
Q: What are the primary funding sources for media according to Tunstall?
A: Advertising, subscription, licensing fees, subsidies, and bribes.
62
Q: How did the globalization of advertising agencies impact media?
A: It allowed for coordinated advertising campaigns across multiple countries, increasing the reach and impact of global brands. OLD SPICE
63
Q: What is the significance of Nielsen ratings in global media?
A: They provide crucial data on audience preferences and viewership, influencing advertising and programming decisions.
64
Q: How did American media companies like Time Warner and Disney maintain their influence globally?
A: Through strategic acquisitions, diversified content offerings, and innovative marketing strategies.
65
Q: What role do public relations play in shaping media narratives?
A: Public relations efforts can influence public opinion, shape media coverage, and manage the reputations of individuals and organizations.
66
Q: How did propaganda and misinformation become tools in international relations during WWII?
A: Countries used exaggerated casualty figures and misleading information to influence public perception and morale.
67
Q: What was the impact of early political advertising, such as the 1942 attack ad against Upton Sinclair?
A: It set a precedent for the use of negative advertising and media manipulation in political campaigns.
68
Q: How did countries use multiple languages in broadcasting to influence foreign audiences?
A: By creating targeted content in different languages, countries could reach and influence diverse audiences globally.
69
Q: What was the role of white and black radio stations during WWII?
A: White stations aimed to provide truthful information, while black stations often spread propaganda and misinformation.
70
Q: How did the CIA use mass media as a tool for destabilizing governments during the Cold War?
A: Through techniques like bribing prominent individuals, creating fake news clippings, and organizing demonstrations.
71
Q: How did Upton Sinclair's 1942 attack ad campaign change political advertising?
A: Upton Sinclair's attack ad campaign in 1942 set a precedent for the use of negative advertising and media manipulation in political campaigns.
72
Q: What role did Roberto Marinho and his family play in Brazil's media industry?
A: Roberto Marinho and his sons ran Globo TV, a major media empire in Brazil that played a significant political role, including in presidential elections.
73
Q: What observations did Joe Straubhaar make about television preferences and media consumption?
A: Joe Straubhaar noted that people tend to prefer their own television programs when available, which challenges the dominance of foreign media content.
74
Q: How did Tim Berners-Lee's invention of the internet at CERN impact global media?
A: Tim Berners-Lee's invention of the World Wide Web at CERN revolutionized global communication and media, facilitating the rapid exchange of information and the rise of digital media.
75
Q: What did Jayson Blair's scandal at The New York Times involve, according to Tunstall?
A: Jayson Blair's scandal involved invention and plagiarism in his reporting, leading to a major credibility crisis for The New York Times and discussions about journalistic integrity.
76
Q: How did Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech and the Truman Doctrine influence media narratives about communism?
A: Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech and the Truman Doctrine framed communism as a severe threat, influencing media narratives and promoting anti-communist sentiments.
77
Q: What did William Fulbright write about the Pentagon's use of propaganda, as mentioned by Tunstall?
A: Senator William Fulbright wrote about the Pentagon's extensive use of propaganda to promote military projects, highlighting the influence of each military branch in public relations efforts.
78
Q: How did John Malone's business strategy differ from Rupert Murdoch's in the media industry?
A: John Malone focused on growing share value through buying and selling numerous companies regardless of size, in contrast to Murdoch's strategy of tight control and focus on large entities.
79
Q: What role did Rupert Murdoch play in the global media landscape, according to Tunstall?
A: Rupert Murdoch is described as a successful media mogul who built a vast media empire by leveraging strategic acquisitions and understanding audience preferences, thereby shaping the global media landscape.
80
Q: Who are Manuel Castells and Armand Mattelart, and what did they say about globalization and telecommunications?
A: Manuel Castells and Armand Mattelart are scholars who discussed the network aspect of globalization, noting that after NASA's defunding, telecommunications emerged as the next sector with significant globalization potential.
81
How has the role of journalists changed in the digital age, as discussed by Tunstall?
1.Journalists work in a fast-paced enviro., prioritizing speed and real-time reporting.
2.They engage directly with their audience through social media.
3.Challenges: information overload and maintaining cred during these fake news days.
82
What are the implications of declining newspaper readership for democracy, according to Tunstall?
a risk of reduced public access to comprehensive and reliable information, which can weaken informed public discourse and democratic engagement.
83
How does Tunstall describe the impact of media consolidation on journalistic integrity?
This often leads to reduced diversity in viewpoints and can pressure journalists to align their reporting with the corporate or nationalist objectives of the media owners
84
What role do social media platforms play in the current media landscape, as discussed by Tunstall?
Social media facilitatates direct communication between users , allowing for real-time updates and engagementl also it influences public opinion and political discourse by amplifying voices that might not be heard in traditional media.
85
How has the rise of niche media markets impacted mainstream media?
niche media markets fragment audiences and reduce the dominance of traditional mass media outlets.
Niche media caters to specific interests and demographics, which allows for more targeted and personalized content.
86
Explain the significance of the "Big Five" countries in the European media landscape.
Answer:
1. Dominant media markets.
2. Largest media companies.
3. Most adv. broadcasting infrastructures.
4. Main producers and exporters of media content.
87
What role did the "Television Without Frontiers" directive play in European media policy?
Answer:
Set quotas for European content on television.
Protected and promoted European cultural identity.
Countered the dominance of American media.
88
Identify the smaller European countries known for their innovative approaches to broadcasting and explain their significance.
Answer:
Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden.
Served as testing grounds for new media technologies and formats
89
How has the movement towards European unity influenced international diplomacy and economic strategies?
Answer:
This Led to cohesive and consistent approaches.
Enhanced Europe’s global representation.
90
Discuss the early state of commercial television in Central Europe and its evolution by the mid-1990s.
Answer:
Little commercial television in early 1990s.
Cautious privatization of state broadcasting.
Explosion of commercial channels by mid-1990s.
91
Describe the impact of U.S. cable and satellite television channels like HBO and CNN on Central European media.
Answer:
Introduced new competition.
Brought high-quality, diverse content.
Prompted local broadcasters to improve.
92
Compare the prevalence of cable TV in Western Europe and the United States by 1998.
Answer:
10% of homes in Western Europe.
70% of homes in the United States.
93
Examine the extent of foreign control over Central European media by 1997 and identify the countries most affected.
Answer:
Significant foreign control, especially by U.S. interests.
Most affected countries: Hungary and Poland.
94
Analyze the impact of new satellite technologies on European television in the late 1990s.
Answer:
Brought hundreds of new channels.
Led to new satellite broadcasters.
Expanded variety and availability of content
95
Identify the two major players in European satellite television by the early 2000s and discuss their influence.
Answer:
British Sky Broadcasting and Canal+.
Controlled large market share.
Set industry standards for quality and innovation.
96
Explain the effects of the liberalization of the European media market on cable and satellite television by 2000.
Answer:
Rapid expansion of cable and satellite TV.
Nearly 50% of homes had access.
Created new opportunities for media companies.
97
Discuss the challenges and opportunities faced by public broadcasters in Europe despite the growth of cable and satellite television.
Answer:
Increased competition from commercial broadcasters.
Maintained popularity and high-quality content.
Leveraged public funding and reputation.
98
Assess the role/effect of American programming in European television by the mid-1990s.
Answer:
Significant portion of programming.
Strong influence on European audiences.
Increased demand for American shows and movies.
99
Evaluate the European Union's policy of introducing quotas for European productions on television.
Answer:
Supported European media industry.
Ensured representation of European cultures and languages.
Helped preserve programming diversity.
100
Explain the significance of the MEDIA program in the development of European media.
Answer:
Funded development and distribution of European films and TV shows.
Helped European media companies compete with American counterparts.
Fostered a dynamic and competitive media market.
101
Describe the technological advancements in cable systems in Europe and their impact by 2005.
Answer:
Introduction of digital cable and high-definition TV.
Improved picture quality and channel selection.
Enhanced viewing experience and advertising opportunities.
102
Analyze the effects of: the expansion of cable and satellite television in europe on the availability of foreign programming.
Answer:
1. Increased availability of foreign programming.
2.Wider variety of content
Globalization of the media industry.
3.Local, region and national media needed to step up their quality and production to keep up.
103
Discuss the commitment of European countries to preserving their cultural identities despite the influence of American media.
Answer:
Strong commitment to cultural preservation.
Role of public broadcasters in reflecting national values.
Government regulations supporting domestic media.
104
Explain how PUBLIC Broadcasters in Europe contributed to preserving national values an traditions.
Answer:
Produced content reflecting national values and traditions.
Emphasized local culture, history, and language.
Maintained national identity and community.
105
Evaluate the role of European governments in supporting domestic media production.
E.u gov. Supported domestic media by:
1.Enforcing rules and regulations promoting local content.
2.Providing financial support and subsidies.
106
Describe the competition between European and American media companies in the early 21st century.
Answer:
Intense competition.
American companies had vast resources and global reach.
European companies focused on high-quality production and niche markets.
107
Analyze the impact of Hollywood films and American television shows on the global media market.
AMERICA:
1.most valuable exported media
2.very lucrative for U.S. Companies
3. Had a global influence on entertainment preferences.
108
Discuss how Europe made strides in exporting its own media content in the early 21st century.
Answer:
Success at international film festivals and award shows.
Rise of streaming services like Netflix and Amazon Prime.
Increased visibility of European media globally.
109
Evaluate the contributions of both Europe and the United States to technological innovation in the media industry.
.
Answer: Collaborative:
1.Development of digital broadcasting and high-definition TV.
2.Advancements in online streaming.
to bring new products and services to market
110
Discuss the future challenges and opportunities for the global media market as described in the text.
One challenge according to Tunstall is the "digital divide," which refers to the gap between those who have easy access to digital technologies and those who do not.
One opportunity highlighted by Tunstall is the potential for digital technologies to promote social inclusion and economic development.
111
Describe the role of European PUBLIC broadcasters in maintaining cultural identity in the face of globalization.
Answer:
Producing high-quality local content.
Reflecting national values and traditions.
Ensuring cultural diversity in programming.
112
Analyze the impact of digital cable becoming the standard in many European countries by 2005.
Answer:
Enhanced viewing experience.
Improved picture quality and channel selection.
Increased opportunities for targeted advertising.
113
Examine the effects of the rapid expansion of cable and satellite TV in Europe on the media market by 2000.
Answer:
1.Increased competition
2.New opportunities for European and American media companies.
3.Higher availability of diverse content.
114
Discuss the significance of the introduction of high-definition television in Europe.
Answer:
Improved picture quality.
Enhanced viewer experience.
Greater selection of high-quality channels.
115
Explain the role of the MEDIA program in supporting European film and television production.
Answer:
Provided funding for development and distribution.
Helped European companies compete globally.
Supported a dynamic and competitive media market.
116
Jeremy Tunstall discusses several regulatory changes that have impacted the decline of U.S. mass media, including:
1. **Deregulation:** The deregulation of the media industry, increased consolidation. Less diversity
2. **Relaxation of Ownership Rules:** Changes in ownership rules have permitted cross-ownership of media outlets,
3. **FCC Policy Changes:** The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has altered policies over time, affecting how media companies operate and compete. These changes have sometimes favored larger corporations, making it harder for smaller, independent media outlets to survive.
These regulatory shifts have contributed to the consolidation of media power and the challenges faced by traditional U.S. media.
Ready for the next question??
117
1.Hegmony
2.homogenization
3.cultural imperilism
1.leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others
2.the reduction in cultural diversity
3. When one cultures traditions trends and lifestyle overrides another.
