Turco 2

Question 1

Complete pyruvate kinase defect

Answer 1

kills you

Question 2

Diabetes glucose curve

Answer 2

Higher peak and takes longer to come back down…diabetic will get hungry before it ever comes back down all the way and will eat more…extra glucose in the blood for extended periods of time

Question 3

Pathology of diabetes from

Answer 3

Glucose concentration in the blood

Question 4

Insulin effect of GLUT4

Answer 4

GLUT 4 premade and sits in vesicles…insulin will cause vesicles to open and move to the membrane…more GLUT4 on surface means higher Vmax so more glucose entering

Question 5

Type 1 vs type 2

Answer 5

1 - insulin scretion problem

2 - receptor problem

Question 6

Obesity receptor effect

Answer 6

Leads to decreased eceptors

Question 7

INsulin dependent tissues in body

Answer 7

Muscle (GLUT4)
Adipose tissue (GLUT4)
Liver (different effects)

Question 8

Insulin effect on muscle of adipose

Answer 8

Increase uptake of glucose

Question 9

IMpact of insulin on liver

Answer 9

Tells the liver to trap it using glucokinase…run glycolysis and create fatty acids ,etc.

Question 10

Hemoglobin effect of hyperglycemia

Answer 10

Aldehyde from glucose reacts with amine group of hemoglobin to create A1C (glycosylated hemoglobin)

Question 11

Values of A1C

Answer 11

6% or less is normal
7% or over is diabetic
6-7 is pre

Question 12

Glucose effect on kidney

Answer 12

Binds transporters and renders them non-functional

Question 13

Glucose effect on collage

Answer 13

Binds collagen and extends 1/2 life…means that capillary beds are restricted…why amputations occur

Question 14

Glucose effect of brain

Answer 14

Hyperosmolar edema (draws water)

Question 15

Glucose reaction with hemoglobin is

Answer 15

Non-enzymatic, irreversible

Question 16

Formation of F2,6P

Answer 16

Formed from F6P by PFK2 using ATP

Question 17

Location of F2,6P

Answer 17

Liver ONLY

Question 18

WHere does F6P come from?

Answer 18

Glycolysis

Question 19

PFK2 regulation

Answer 19

Positively by insulin

Negatively by glucagon

Question 20

PFK2/PFK1 relationship

Answer 20

If one is active, the other will be active…F2,6P increases activity of PFK1 by overriding any other inhibitors

Question 21

F2,6P other regulation

Answer 21

Turns off F1,6bisphosphatase of gluconeogenesis

Question 22

All cells except liver after high carb

Answer 22

Glucose becomes pyruvate through glycolysis

Increase ATP, decreased PFK1, Decreased glycolysis

Question 23

IN liver after high carb meal

Answer 23

Glucose becomes pyruvate
INsulin leads to increase in PFK2, increased in F2,6P, increase in PFK1, and increase in glycolysis

Leads to production of fatty acid synthesis

Question 24

IN short, F2,6P activates what and inhibits what?

Answer 24

Activates glycolysis and inhibitsa gluconeogenesis

Question 25

Without F2,6P

Answer 25

You would not be able to overcome inhibition of PFK1 and would never make fatty acids

Question 26

Effects of diabtetes on hepatic glycolysis

Answer 26

No PFK2 means decrease in PFK1 means decreased glycolysis Increased F6P means increased G6P means decreased hexokinase activity and can't keep glucose in the liver No glucokinase activity because no insulin so no glucose trapping

Question 27

NAD+

Answer 27

Only small amounts | Converted to NADH in catabolic reactions and makes ATP

Question 28

NADP

Answer 28

Converted to NADPH and NADPH used for anabolic reactions

Question 29

Where does NAD come from?

Answer 29

Niacin

Question 30

NAD and NADP relationship with enzymes

Answer 30

Noncovalently bound to enzymes

Question 31

Cholera toxin mech

Answer 31

ADP ribosylation uyses NAD as substrate to create ADP ribose

Question 32

NADPH particularly importasnt in

Answer 32

NADPH oxidase of inflammation

Question 33

Are NAD and NADP interchangeable?

Answer 33

No

Question 34

Aerobic fate of pyruvate

Answer 34

2 pyruvate converted to 2 acetyl-CoA with loss of 2 CO2...2 acetyl CoA converted to 4CO2 and 4H2O and create a bunch of ATP

Question 35

Anaerboci fate of pyruvate

Answer 35

Create lactate (in vigourously contracting muscles, erythroicytes)

Question 36

Other fate of pyruvate

Answer 36

Converted to alanine

Question 37

Aerobic glycolysis equation

Answer 37

Glc + 2ADP+2NAD ----> 2 pyr + 2ATP + 2 NADH | NADH----> more ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

Question 38

Anaerboic glycolysis

Answer 38

Blc ----> 2 lactate and 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)

Question 39

Pyruvate conversion to lactate reactions

Answer 39

Lactate dehydrogenase using NADH | In muscle and liver cytoiplasm

Question 40

In conditions of high demand

Answer 40

INcreased ATP need, increased rate of oxidative catabolic reactions and increased NADH generated

Question 41

Point of exercise

Answer 41

Trying to condition lungs ot bring in more O2 and make more ATP

Question 42

Smokes

Answer 42

Will produce more lactic acid because less oxygen uptake

Question 43

What is the point of the lactic acid pathway?

Answer 43

Recycles NAD

Question 44

How long does it take to recover from lactic acid production?

Answer 44

About an hour

Question 45

Cori cycle

Answer 45

Glycogen converted to glucose...glucose undergoes glycolysis to pyruvate...pyruvate goes to lactate...lactate moved to blood to liver...in liver, lactate to pyruvate to glucopse via gluconeogenesis...glucose moved bacxk to muslce through blood

Question 46

Alanine cycle

Answer 46

Similar to lactate cycle except no pH effect on the blood

Question 47

Why does body prefer Cori cycle to alanine cycle?

Answer 47

LDH regenerates the NAD for glycolysis