Turco 6

Question 1

Things that use glucose as primary source of energy

Answer 1

Kidney, testis, RBCs, embryonic tissue

Question 2

Under starvation, MUST

Answer 2

Drink water because of ketone bodies

Question 3

SOurces of glucose

Answer 3

Diet
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen

Question 4

Gluconeogenesis occurs in

Answer 4

Liver (and a little in kidney)

Question 5

Sources of carbon for glucose

Answer 5

Lac/Pyr
Glycerol (from TG breakdown, but NOT FA)
Glucogenic AAs - all but leucine and lysine

Question 6

Bypass rxn 1 + 2

Answer 6

Pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase

Question 7

Pyruvate carboxylase rxn

Answer 7

Takes pyr to OAA (ABC enzyme)…regulated by acetyl-CoA (obligate activator)

Question 8

ABC enzymes

Answer 8

Propionyl carboxylase
pyruvate carboxylase
acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Question 9

PEP carboxykinase rxn

Answer 9

OAA to PEP…gives off CO2 and uses GTP

Increased by glucagon and cortisol at genomic level

Question 10

PEP carboxykinase rxn equilibrium

Answer 10

CO2 produced is breathed out and drvies formation of products

Question 11

Bypass reaction 2

Answer 11

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase takes F-1,6-P to F-6-P and Pi
Regulated allosterically by F2,6P (turns off)
Turned on by ATP

Question 12

Bypass reaction 3

Answer 12

Glucose-6-phosphatase

G-6-P to glucose and Pi

Question 13

Metformin

Answer 13

Used for type 2 diabetes by inhibiting gluconeogenesis

Question 14

PDH

Answer 14

Pyruvate dehydrogenase produces CO2

Takes pyruvate to AcCoA…decreased by AcCoA and increased by thiamine (cofactor)

Question 15

Pyruvate can come from

Answer 15

Lactate/alanine/glycolysis

Question 16

TG mobilization/FA-beta oxidation effects of gluconeo and glycolysis

Answer 16

Increases ATP which activates F-1,6-bisphosphatase and inactivates PFK1
Glycerol can form Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate that can bypass first set of bypass rxns
FA-beta oxidation produces AcCoA that activate pyruvate carboxylase and inhibits PDH

Question 17

Glucagon effect on glycolysis/gluconeogenesis

Answer 17

Glucagon will decrease PFK2 activity which will decrease F,2,6P which will decrease PFK1 activity
Glucagon increases activity of PEP carboxykinase

Question 18

INsulin effect on glycolysis/gluconeogenesis

Answer 18

Insulin activates glucokinase and PFK2

Question 19

Liver reserves of glycogen have enough storage for ____ hours

Answer 19

12 hours resting

1 hour exercising

Question 20

Why do glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis occur simultaneously?

Answer 20

Gluconeogenesis is regulated on a genomic level so it takes a long time…if you waited for all of glycogen stores to be depleted, would have period of time where you would not be able to make any glucose

Question 21

Fasting effects

Answer 21

Decrease glycogen synthesis and increase breakdown via phosphorylation 
Decrease glycolysis because of increased ATP (from FA) and decreased F2,6P (because of decreased insulin)
Increase gluconeogenesis (obligate, allosteric, hormonal regulation)

Question 22

Liver energy source during fasting

Answer 22

FA

Glucose reserved from brain and other important cells

Question 23

Peroxisome major functions

Answer 23

Oxidation of VLCFA (generates H2O2)
Oxidation of branched chain/hydroxylated FAs (into phytanic acid)
Conversion of cholesterol to bile acids
Synthesis of plasmalogens (ether lipids)

Question 24

VLCFA oxidation

Answer 24

Undergoes alpha oxidation
Attached to CoA and brought into peroxisome…inside, converted to SCFA-CoA and MCFA-CoA (FADH2 produced is converted to H2O2)…SCFA attached to carnitine and brought into mitochondria…inside mitochondria, CAT 2 removes the carnitine and undergoes Beta-oxidation just as any other would

Question 25

Oxidase and catalase

Answer 25

Oxidase forms H2O2 from O2 using FADH2 | Catalase takes H2O2 to H2O

Question 26

Zellweger syndrome

Answer 26

Defect in peroxisome biogenesis Accumulation of VLCFA and hydroxylated/branched FAs Defects primarily in liver and brain (incorporated into myelin sheaths)

Question 27

Adrenoleukodystrophy

Answer 27

Defect in FA trasnporters in peroxisome membrane X-linked rec Defect primarily in brain (myelin sheaths)

Question 28

Refsum dz

Answer 28

Defect in alpha oxidation of phyanoyl-CoA Control with low phytanoic acid diet Neuro probs

Question 29

Tx of peroxisomal disorders

Answer 29

Fibrates - PPAR alpha Thiazolidinediones - PPAR gamma Both turn on peroxisomes

Question 30

Reye's Syndrome

Answer 30

Associated iwht fatty acid oxidation defect...can be cause of SCID Will find fatty droplets in the liver Vomiting, mental stauts change, seizures No cirrhosis, just TG accumulation

Question 31

Aspirin metabolites

Answer 31

Decrease Beta-oxidation of fatty acids...why you can't give them with Reye's Dz

Question 32

Hemosiderin deposits

Answer 32

Indicate iron problem

Question 33

Mallory bodies

Answer 33

Seen in alcoholic cirrhosis

Question 34

Why should you not exercise then drink alcohol?

Answer 34

Lactic acid will leave muscle and go to liver where converted back to pyruvate using NAD Alcohol metabolism reuqires NAD...if alcohol metabolism using NAD, then lactate concentration will increase and pH will drop

Question 35

Alcohol metabolism

Answer 35

Alcohol converted to acetaldehyde using alcohol dehydrogenase Acetaldehyde converted t oacetic acid using acetaldehyde dehydrogenase Both use NAD Acetaldehyde causes damage

Question 36

Femopizole

Answer 36

Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase Tx for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoninig Methanol accumulates and is excreted

Question 37

Disulfiram

Answer 37

Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase which causes acetaldehyde to accumulate and makes patient sick

Question 38

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency ethnic

Answer 38

Asians from pacific rim

Question 39

Exercise induced hypoglycemia effect

Answer 39

GLUT 4 transported to membrane of monocytes due to increased concentrations of AMP...this causes hypoglycemia in the blood

Question 40

Cramping/muscle pain caused by

Answer 40

Inadequate delivery of oxygen

Question 41

Ketotic hypoglycemia

Answer 41

Hypoglycemia with ketonuria and ketonemia | This means there is a problem with protein catabolism

Question 42

Error in FA metabolism leads to

Answer 42

Hypoketosis

Question 43

Hypoglycemia without ketosis (with low blood pH)

Answer 43

Answer could be increased circulating levels of insulin...would cause blood glucose to decrease

Question 44

Increased A1C seen

Answer 44

Chronically