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Tutorial 04 Flashcards

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1
Q

Addicere

A

Enslavement – 5th cent BC

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2
Q

Addict

A

To attach

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3
Q

Risky substance use

A

Refers to quantity/frequency of consumption

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4
Q

Criteria for Substance Use Disorder (4)

A

Defined by criteria: biological, psychological, behavioral, social

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5
Q

Addiction

A

Most severe stage of SUD, significant loss of control and presence of compulsive behaviors despite desire to stop

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6
Q

Dopamine plays a role in …

A

Motivation, motor function, cognition, hormonal regulation

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7
Q

Pathway for motivation

A

Mesolimbic pathway

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8
Q

Pathway for motor function

A

Nigrostriatal pathway

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9
Q

Pathway for hormonal regulation

A

Tuberoinfundibular pathway

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10
Q

Pathway for Cognition

A

Mesocortical pathway

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11
Q

Mesocortical pathways goes from… to …

A

From VTA to the cortex

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12
Q

Mesolimbic pathway goes from … to …

A

From VTA to NAC (nucleus accumbens)

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13
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway goes from … to …

A

From SN (substantia nigra) to Striatum

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14
Q

Tuberoinfundibular pathway goes from … to …

A

From Hypothalamus to Pitutitary

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15
Q

Reward prediction error

A

Reward prediction error consist of the differences between received and predicted rewards

No reward after conditioned stimulus -> dopamine neurons pause firing

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16
Q

Baseline dopamine

A

Sun, non-rem deep rest, exercise/movement

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17
Q

Enteral route

A

Drugs are administered via the human gastrointestinal tract

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18
Q

Topical route

A

Application of drugs to the skin or an orifice

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19
Q

Parenteral route

A

Drugs given by routes other than enteral and topical

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20
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that enhance the activity of a neurochemical

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21
Q

Anatgonists

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A

Drugs that reduce the activity of a neurochemical

22
Q

Mechanisms of drug effects -> production of …

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A

Production of neurochemicals, neurochemical storage, neurochemical release, receptor effects, reuptake and enzymatic degradation

23
Q

Stimulant examples

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A

Caffeine, amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine

24
Q

Caffeine

Study These Flashcards
A

Increase alertness and
attentional performance.
Side effects: May create
dependence.

25
Nicotine
Improves alerting and orienting attention and episodic working memory. Side effects: Has major negative health effects if smoked or chewed.
26
Amphetamine
Improves cognitive functions, inhibitory control, episodic and working memory, aspects of attention , performance on effortful tasks. Side Effects: Possible dependence accompanied by severe “crash” with depression as drug effects wear off, particularly if smoked or injected
27
Cocaine
Leads to increase alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria, increased energy and motor activity, feelings of competence and enhanced sexual vigor. Side Effects: Decreased appetite, headache
28
Depressants examples
Alcohol, Benzodiazepines(e.g. Valium, Xanax), Barbiturates(e.g.,Phenobarbital), Inhalants
29
Alcohol
Slow brain function; impairs memory, attention and judgment. Side Effects: Long-term use raises risks for liver disease, cardiovascular problems, and dementia in older adults
30
Benzodiazepines
Reduced anxiety, but impairs memory and concentration, especially with extended use. Side Effects: High risk of dependency, tolerance and withdrawal.Long-term use is linked to cognitive decline and possible dementia.
31
Barbiturates
Deep sedation; reduces memory, attention and coordination. Side Effects: High overdose risk; long- term use leads to dependency and potentially dangerous withdrawal
32
Inhalants
Induce euphoria and disorientation by slowing brain function. Side Effects: Long-term use can cause memory loss, motor issues, and brain cell damage, particularly in areas controlling movement and cognition
33
Opioids
A class of drugs that bind to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain. They can be natural, semi-synthetic, or fully synthetic.
34
Symptoms of opioids
Slowing of many body functions, constipation, respiratory and cardiac depression, and the rapid development of tolerance.
35
Side effects of opioids
Restlessness, irritability, headache, tremors(Heroin and Morphine), nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal pain.
36
Cannabis
consumption include alterations in perception, cognition, motor behaviour, memory, and learning, but also psychotic episodes in the case of long-term use.
37
Cannabis activates …
Activates cannabinoid receptors and leads to a decrease in adenylate activity. Also decreases GABA release, which leads to an increase in synaptic dopamine levels (similar to opioids)
38
Hallocinogenes
The chemical compositions of the hallucinogens are similar to the neurotransmitters serotonin and epinephrine, and they act primarily by mimicking them.
39
Effects of hallucinogenes
euphoria, therapeutic insight, and mystical experiences, anxiety and panic.
40
Physical dependence
the state of an individual who has repeatedly taken a drug and experiences unpleasant physiological symptoms if they stop taking it (also called physiological dependence)
41
Tolerance
a condition, resulting from persistent a syndrome that develops after cessation of use of a drug, characterized by: - a markedly diminished effect with regular use of the same dose of the drug - a need to increase the dose markedly over time to achieve the same desired effect
42
Withdrawal
a syndrome that develops after cessation ofBprolonged, heavy consumption of a substance. Symptoms vary by substance but generally include physiological, behavioral, and cognitive manifestations, such as nausea and vomiting, insomnia, mood alterations, and anxiety
43
Rat park experiment
Overview: The Rat Park experiment, conducted by Bruce Alexander, examined the role of environment in addiction. Rats placed in an enriching, social “rat park” showed reduced interest in drug-laced water compared to isolated rats. Findings: Rats in social settings with stimulating environments were less likely to develop a preference for drugs
44
The Biopsychosocial Model of Addiction
Biological factors, social factors, psychological factors
45
Biological factors
Genetics and brain chemistry (e.g., dopamine release) increase susceptibility to addiction, impacting tolerance and withdrawal
46
Psychological factors
Mental health, personality traits, and coping skills play key roles in how individuals respond to drugs
47
Social factors
Environmental influences (peer groups, family, and socioeconomic status) affect vulnerability to addiction
48
Reward system dysfunction
Long-term exposure to drugs is theorized to cause permanent changes in the substance reward circuit, including the ventral tegmental area, basal forebrain (amygdala), dopaminergic connections between the ventral tegmental area and basal forebrain, and OFC Chronic drug use causes the prefrontal cortex damage that underlies impaired response inhibition and salience attribution (iRISA) while changes with abstinence and recovery with treatment suggest plasticity of these same brain regions and functions.
49
Risk of psychosis
• Cannabinoids: Induce psychotic symptoms. • Synthetic Cannabinoids: Severe psychotic syndromes. • Synthetic Cathinones: Delirium-like symptoms and impulsivity. • Cocaine and Amphetamines: Associated with psychotic episodes. • Hallucinogens: Induce transient psychotic symptoms.
50
Link to other mental health issues
Substance use disorders also co-occur at high prevalence with mental disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder, ADHD, psychotic illness,borderline personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.

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