Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD1 Metabolism > Type II Diabetes: Oral Glycaemic Agents > Flashcards

Type II Diabetes: Oral Glycaemic Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Which endocrine gland is not regulated by a hypothalamic-pituitary loop?

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the pancreas directly respond to?

A

Plasma glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the backups for eliciting an insulin-like response?

A

Sympathetic > adrenal medulla > adrenaline

Anterior pituitary > adrenal cortex > cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the exocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the endocrine cells of the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin?

A

Beta cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete somatostatin?

A

Delta cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the responses to insulin after a meal in someone with a relative lack of insulin?

A

Can have higher than normal basal rate
Food taken
No initial spike
Second maintained release sub-normal to normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the therapeutic lifestyle changes that can be made in type 2 diabetes?

A 
Aim for ideal body weight
- Restrict refined sugars
- Reduce saturated fats
Adequate exercise
Stop smoking
Reduce alcohol
Treat hypertension and lipidaemias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do sulfonylureas do?

A

Increase insulin secretion from beta cells > restore phase 1 spike in insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do sulfonylureas work?

A

Inhibit ATP-gated K channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of sulfonylureas?

A

Oral absorption
Half-life = 6-24 hours
Excreted via kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why aren’t sulfonylureas used in pregnancy?

A

Cross placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the adverse effects of sulfonylureas?

A

Hypoglycaemia

Weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the drug class of metformin?

A

Biguanides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does metformin do?

A

Increases insulin-mediated peripheral glucose uptake
Reduces hepatic glucose production
Decreases carbohydrate absorption
Reduces LDL cholesterol level and triglycerides

18
Q

How does metformin work?

A

Activation of AMP kinase

19
Q

What are the adverse effects of metformin?

A 
GI disturbances
- Diarrhoea
- Nausea
- Abdominal discomfort
- Anorexia
Lactic acidosis if improperly prescribed
Possible modest weight loss
20
Q

In whom is metformin contraindicated?

A

Patients with impaired renal function

21
Q

What is the drug class of acarbose?

A

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

22
Q

How does acarbose work?

A

Doesn’t have to enter bloodstream

Blocks enzymes that digest and promote absorption of starches in small intestine

23
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of acarbose?

A

Not absorbed from GIT

24
Q

What are the adverse effects of acarbose?

A

Flatulence/abdominal discomfort

Loose stools and abdominal pain

25
Q

In whom is acarbose contraindicated?

A

Patients with

  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Cirrhosis
26
Q

What are incretins?

A

Gut hormones release when food is ingested

  • GLP-1
  • GIP
27
Q

What do incretins do?

A 
Increase
- Insulin release from beta cells
- Glucose uptake by muscles
Decrease
- Glucagon release from alpha cells
- Glucose production by liver
28
Q

What is the drug class of sitagliptin?

A

“Gliptins”

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors

29
Q

What does sitagliptin do?

A

Increases native GLP-1 levels

30
Q

How is sitagliptin administered?

A

Orally

31
Q

What are the adverse effects of sitagliptin?

A 
URTIs
Headaches
Hypoglycaemia when combined with insulin
Allergic/hypersensitivity reactions
Pancreatitis (rare)
32
Q

What is the drug class of exenatide?

A

Glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists

33
Q

How is exenatide administered?

A

Subcutaneous injection

34
Q

What are the actions of exenatide?

A

Potentiate glucose-mediated insulin secretion
Suppress glucagon release
Slow gastric emptying
Loss of appetite

35
Q

What are the adverse effects of exenatide?

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Weight loss
Ab formation
Immune reactions
Pancreatitis
36
Q

What is the approach and drug class for managing a relative lack of insulin?

A

Stimulate pancreas to make more insulin

Sulfonylureas

37
Q

What is the approach and drug class for managing insulin resistance?

A

Sensitise body to insulin and/or control hepatic glucose production
Biguanides

38
Q

What is the approach and drug class for managing glucose absorption?

A

Slow absorption of starches

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

39
Q

What is the approach and drug class for managing incretins?

A

Regulate glucagon and insulin

Incretin mimetics and enhancers

40
Q

What is the approach and drug class for managing glucose reabsorption?

A

Slow renal glucose reabsorption

SGLT2 inhibitors

MD1 Metabolism (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions