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Psychology - IN FOCUS Attachment > Types of attachment > Flashcards

Types of attachment Flashcards

1
Q

Who developed the ‘Strange Situation’

A

Mary Ainsworth and Silvia Bell (1970)

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2
Q

What was the aim of Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’?

A

To be able to observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of a baby’s attachment

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3
Q

The aim of Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970) was to be able to observe key attachment behaviours as a means of…

A

assessing the quality of a baby’s attachment to a caregiver

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4
Q

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970) was a controlled ___________ procedure

A

observation

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5
Q

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970) was a controlled observation procedure designed to measure…

A

the security of attachment a baby displays towards a caregiver

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6
Q

Where did Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970) take place?

A

In a room with quite controlled conditions (i.e. a laboratory)

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7
Q

An experiment conducted in a room with quite controlled condition is known as what type of experiment?

A

A laboratory experiment

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8
Q

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970) used a ___-___ ______ and/or _______ through which psychologists can observe the baby’s behaviour

A

two-way mirror and/or cameras

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9
Q

Why did Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970) use a two-way mirror/cameras?

A

So psychologists could observe the baby’s behaviour

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10
Q

Give 4 examples of behaviours used to judge attachment in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)

A

Any 4 from proximity-seeking, exploration and secure-base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and response to reunion

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11
Q

In terms of proximity-seeking, what will a baby with a good quality attachment do in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)

A

Stay fairly close to a cregiver

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12
Q

In terms of exploration and secure-base behaviour, what will a baby with a good quality attachment do in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)

A

Good attachment enables a baby to feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base, i.e. a point of contact that will make them feel safe

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13
Q

In terms of stranger anxiety, what will a baby with a good quality attachment do in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)

A

One of the signs of becoming closely attached is a display of anxiety when a stranger approaches

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14
Q

In terms of separation anxiety, what will a baby with a good quality attachment do in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)

A

One of the signs of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver

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15
Q

In terms of response to reunion, what will a baby with a good quality attachment do in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)

A

Babies who are securely attached greet the caregiver’s return with pleasure and seek comfort

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16
Q

How many episodes are there in the procedure of Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)?

A

7

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17
Q

In the beginning of Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970), the caregiver and baby enter…

A

an unfamiliar playroom

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18
Q

What is the baby first encouraged to do in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)?

A

Encouraged to explore

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19
Q

Why is the baby first encouraged to explore in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)?

A

Tests exploration and secure base

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20
Q

What is the second thing that happens in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)?

A

A stranger comes in, talks to the caregiver and approaches the baby

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21
Q

Why does a stranger come in, talk to the caregiver and approach the baby in the second stage of Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)?

A

Tests stranger anxiety

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22
Q

What is the third thing that happens in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)?

A

The caregiver leaves the baby and stranger together

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23
Q

Why does the caregiver leave the baby and stranger together in the third stage of Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)?

A

Tests separation and stranger anxiety

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24
Q

What is the fourth stage of Ainsworth’s Strange Situation (1970)?

A

The caregiver returns and the stranger leaves

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25
Why does the caregiver return and the stranger leave in the fourth stage of Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970)?
Tests reunion behaviour and exploration/secure-base behaviour
26
What is the fifth stage of Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970)?
The caregiver leaves the baby alone
27
Why does the caregiver leave the baby alone in the fifth stage of Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970)?
Tests separation anxiety
28
What is the sixth stage of Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970)?
The stranger returns
29
Why does the stranger return in the sixth stage of Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970)?
Tests stranger anxiety
30
What is the seventh stage of Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970)?
The caregiver returns and is reunited with the baby
31
Why does the caregiver return and reunite with the baby in the seventh stage of Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970)?
Tests reunion behaviour
32
Ainsworth et al. (1978) found that there were ________ ________ in the way that babies behaved in the Strange Situation?
distinct patterns
33
How many main types of attachment did Ainsworth et al. (1978) identify?
3
34
Name the three types of attachment identified by Ainsworth et al. (1978)
Secure attachment, insecure-avoidant attachment and insecure-resistant attachment
35
Describe a baby with a secure attachment
Explores happily but regularly goes back to their caregiver. Usually shows moderate separation distress and moderate stranger anxiety. Requires and accepts comfort from the caregiver in the reunion stage
36
Describe a baby with an insecure-avoidant attachment
Explores freely but doesn't seek proximity or show secure-base behaviour. Shows little or no reaction when their caregiver leaves and little stranger anxiety. They make little effort to make content when their caregiver returns, and may even avoid such contact
37
Describe a baby with an insecure-resistant attachment
Seeks greater proximity than others and explores less. Shows high levels of stranger and separation distress but resists comfort when reunited with their caregiver
38
Explain the seven episodes in Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970)
The baby is encouraged to explore before a stranger comes in, talks to the caregiver and approaches the baby. The caregiver leaves the baby and stranger together then and the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves. The caregiver leaves the baby alone then the stranger returns again, before the caregiver returns and is reunited with the baby
39
Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) has seven episodes, each of which lasts for how long?
three minutes
40
Babies with a secure attachment explore happily/unhappily
happily
41
How do babies with a secure attachment show proximity-seeking and secure-base behaviour?
By regularly going back to their caregiver
42
Babies with a secure attachment usually show what level of separation distress and stranger anxiety?
Moderate
43
True/False: Babies with a secure attachment do not require comfort from the caregiver in the reunion stage
False: they do and they accept this
44
Around what percentage of British babies are classified as secure?
60-75
45
True/False: Babies with an insecure-avoidant attachment explore freely
True
46
Babies with an insecure-avoidant attachment explore freely but...
do not seek proximity or show secure-base behaviour
47
True/False: Babies with an insecure-avoidant attachment show secure-base behaviour
False, they do not
48
What kind of reaction to babies with an insecure-avoidant attachment show when a caregiver leaves?
Little or no reaction, and little stranger anxiety
49
Babies with an insecure-avoidant attachment have high/low levels of stranger anxiety
low
50
Babies with which type of attachment make little effort to make contact when the caregiver returns and may even avoid such contact?
Babies with an insecure-avoidant attachment
51
Around what percentage of British babies are classified as insecure-avoidant?
60-75%
52
Babies with an insecure-resistant attachment seek greater _________ than others and so explore less
proximity
53
True/False: Babies with an insecure-resistant attachment explore more
False, they explore less
54
Babies with an insecure-resistant attachment show high/low levels of stranger and separation distress
high
55
True/False: Babies with an insecure-resistant attachment resist comfort when reunited with their caregiver
True
56
Around what percentage of British babies are classed as insecure-resistant?
3%
57
One strength of Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) is that its outcome predicts a number of aspects of...
the baby's later development
58
In terms of attachment, a large body of research has shown that babies and toddlers assessed as ______ tend to have better outcomes than others, both in later childhood and in adulthood
secure
59
True/False: A large body of research has shown that babies and toddlers assessed as insecure-resistant tend to have better outcomes than others, both in later childhood and in adulthood
False, this is true for babies assessed as secure
60
A large body of research has shown that babies and toddlers assessed as secure tend to have what in later childhood and in adulthood
better outcomes than others
61
A large body of research has shown that babies and toddlers assessed as secure tend to have better outcomes than others, both in later _________ and in _________
childhood, adulthood
62
A large body of research has shown that babies and toddlers assessed as secure tend to have better outcomes than others - in childhood this includes... (McCormick et al. 2016, Kokkinos 2007)
Better achievement in school and less involvement in bullying
63
Securely attached babies tend to go on to have better/worse m_____ h_____ in adulthood (Ward et al. 2006)
better mental health
64
Babies assessed as having which type of attachment as well as those not falling under either type tend to have worse outcomes?
Insecure-resistant
65
Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) clearly measures something important that is associated with later development. However...
not all psychologists believe this something is attachment
66
What did Kagan (1982) suggest about Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970)?
Genetically-influenced anxiety levels could account for variations in attachment behaviour in the Strange Situation and later development
67
True/False: It is clear that Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) measures attachment
False, there is criticism that Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) may not actually measure attachment
68
Inter-rater reliability
Agreement between different observers
69
Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) has good/poor inter-rater reliability
good
70
What did Bick et al. (2012) do in regards to Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970)?
Test inter-rater reliability for Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) for a team of trained observers
71
What did Bick et al. (2012) find about the inter-rater reliability of Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970)?
Agreement on attachment type in 94% of cases
72
Bick et al. (2012) found agreement on attachment type in __% of cases in their inter-rater reliability test of Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970
94
73
Why may Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) have a high level of reliability?
The procedure takes place under controlled conditions and behaviours (such as proximity-seeking and stranger anxiety) involve large movements and are therefore easy to observe
74
True/False: Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) takes place under controlled conditions
True
75
Behaviours such as proximity-seeking and stranger anxiety are easy/hard to observe
Easy
76
Why are behaviours such as proximity-seeking and stranger anxiety easy to observe?
They involve large movements
77
Anxious babies crying and crawling away from strangers is an example of...
stranger anxiety
78
Why does the fact that behaviours such as proximity-seeking and stranger anxiety are easy to observe mean that we can be confident about attachment types assessed by the Strange Situation?
Doesn't depend on subjective judgements
79
One limitation of Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) is that it may not be a valid measure of attachment in different ________ contexts
cultural
80
Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) was developed where?
In Britain and the US
81
Culture-bound
Only valid for use in certain cultures
82
Why may the fact that Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) was developed in Britain and the US mean it may be culture-bound?
Babies have different experiences in different cultures and these experiences may affect their responses to the Strange Situation
83
In a Japanese replication of the Strange Situation by Takahashi (1986), babies displayed very high levels of what?
Separation anxiety
84
In a Japanese replication of the Strange Situation by Takahashi (1986), babies displayed very high levels of what separation anxiety leading to a disproportionate number being classified as...
insecure-resistant
85
Why did Takahashi (1986) suggest that the Japanese replication of the Strange Situation produced high levels of separation anxiety?
Not due to attachment insecurity but to the unusual nature of the experience in Japan where mother-baby separation is very rare
86
True/False: Takahashi (1986) suggested that the high levels of separation anxiety in the Japanese replication of the Strange Situation was because of attachment insecurity
False: This was not due to attachment insecurity but to the unusual nature of the experience in Japan where mother-baby separation is very rare
87
The potential of Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1970) being culture-bound means that it is very difficult to know...
what it is measuring when used outside Europe and the US
88
What was the fourth category of attachment identified by Main and Solomon (1986)?
Disorganised attachment
89
Disorganised attachment is a mix of which behaviours?
Resistant and avoidant behavioursr
90
What did Main and Solomon (1986) identify?
A fourth category of attachment
91
True/False: Babies with a disorganised attachment are usual
False, they are unusual
92
Most babies with a disorganised attachment have generally experienced...
some form of severe neglect or abuse
93
What do most babies with a disorganised attachment go on to develop by adulthood?
Psychological disorders

Psychology - IN FOCUS Attachment (8 decks)

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